Discovery of Microorganisms Flashcards by Neal Aaron Ente

Early civilizations (e.g., ___) showed signs of using toilets and sewers dating back as far as 2800 BC

Crete, India, Pakistan, and Scotland

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___, 315 AD: Public Lavatories with flowing water where people routinely socialized and conducted business.

Rome

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___, 384 AD: first discovered spontaneous generation

Aristotle

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Aristotle, 384 AD: first discovered ___

spontaneous generation

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The Chinese as early as 589 AD produced ___, while Europeans used ___.

toilet paper

moss/hay

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According to Aristotle, it was:
“readily observable that ___ arise from the dew which falls on plants, fleas from putrid matter, mice from dirty hay.”

aphids

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People attributed diseases to ___ and ___

witchcraft and the devil

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Later they believed disease was caused by ___(unpleasant or unhealthy smell)

miasma

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1632-1723 ___: was the first to demonstrate the presence of micro-organism via microscope

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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As a draper (merchant who sells cloth and dry goods), he used lenses to examine cloth. This probably led to his interest in lens-making.

He assembled hundreds of microscopes, some of which magnified objects 270 times.

As he looked at things with his microscopes, he discovered “micro” organisms - organisms so tiny that they were invisible to the naked eye.

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek called these tiny living organisms “___”. He first described bacteria, protozoans, and many cells of the human body.

animalcules

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Father of Bacteriology

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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Father of Protozoology

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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Father of Microbiology

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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opposed the prevailing theory of Spontaneous Generation
He was the first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from the eggs of flies.

Francesco Redi 1668

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Experiments with meat and flies

Francesco Redi 1668

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He is referred to as the “founder of experimental biology”

Francesco Redi 1668

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___ is the concept that living organisms arise from non-living material.

Spontaneous generation

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Believed death following childbirth (puerperal fever is often caused by the material on the hands of midwives or attending physicians.

Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.

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Noticed death rates higher in maternity wards staffed by medical students than in those attended by midwives. Death rates decreased in summer.

Ignaz Semmelweis

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he emphasized The importance of handwashing

Ignaz Semmelweis

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He discovered that Streptococcus pneumoniae was the first organism shown to have an important extracellular bacterial pathogen

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

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He also developed vaccines (like the anthrax vaccine) to prevent cholera, anthrax, and swine erysipelas (a skin disease)

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

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Louis Pasteur also developed vaccines (like the ___ vaccine) to prevent cholera, anthrax, and swine erysipelas (a skin disease)

anthrax

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Louis Pasteur discovered that ___ was the first organism shown to have an important extracellular bacterial pathogen

Streptococcus pneumoniae

___ is caused by Bacillus anthracis

Anthrax

Anthrax is caused by ___

Bacillus anthracis

Demonstrated that sterile infusions will stay sterile in specially constructed flasks even when they were left open to the air

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Explained differences in results obtained from different laboratories Proved Pasteur correct

John Tyndall

He concluded that different infusions require different boiling times to be sterilized Because of heat-resistant microorganisms: Endospores

John Tyndall

John Tyndall discovered heat-resistant microorganisms called ___

Endospores

What age of microbiology includes: Rapid advances by Pasteur and Robert Koch Discovery of agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in the prevention and cure of disease Discoveries include: Fermentation and pasteurization The germ theory of disease Vaccination

Golden Age of Microbiology

The golden age of microbiology includes the following discoveries:

Rapid advances by Pasteur and Robert Koch Discovery of agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in the prevention and cure of disease Discoveries include: Fermentation and pasteurization The germ theory of disease Vaccination

this process means the absolute removal of all life forms

Sterilization

___ - is a process in which water and certain packaged and non-packaged foods (such as milk and fruit juice) are treated with mild heat to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life.

Pasteurization

___ -the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.

Fermentation

___ : to fight silkworm disease

Pasteur

___ : Instructed hospital staff to wash hands

Ignaz Semmelweis

___ : treated surgical wounds with phenol solution

Lister

___ : Interviewed sick and healthy Londoners during a cholera epidemic

John Snow

used a primitive compound (two magnifying lenses) he published Micrographia (1665)

Robert Hooke

his discovery led to the formulation of the cell theory, which states that cells are the basic organizational unit of all living things.

Robert Hooke

Professor of Physics and Mathematics at the University of Reggio Emilia started repeating the experiments of John Turberville Needham. -Catholic priest, biologist and physiologist – -He found significant errors in the experiments conducted by Needham

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–1799)

he discovered Mycobacterium leprae

Gerhard Armauer Hansen

his discovery of Mycobacterium leprae proved that leprosy was caused by a germ, and was thus not hereditary, from a curse, or from a sin.

Gerhard Armauer Hansen

Mycobacterium leprae is also known as "___",

Hansen's Bacillus

___ is also known as "Hansen's Bacillus",

Mycobacterium leprae

Hungarian physician whose work demonstrated that hand-washing could drastically reduce the number of women dying after childbirth. This work took place in the 1840s, while he was Director of the maternity clinic at the Vienna General Hospital in Austria.

Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-65)

known as the “savior of mothers” who discovered, by 1847, that the incidence of puerperal fever, also known as childbirth fever or puerperal sepsis

Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-65)

puerperal fever, also known as ___ or ___

childbirth fever or puerperal sepsis

was a Danish bacteriologist noted for his development of the Gram stain, still a standard technique to classify bacteria and make them more visible under a microscope. Gram developed a method for distinguishing between two major classes of bacteria.

Hans Christian Gram (13 Sept 1853 – 14 Nov 1938)

his initial work concerned the study of red blood cells in men. He was among the first to recognize that macrocytes were characteristic of pernicious anemia.

Hans Christian Gram (13 Sept 1853 – 14 Nov 1938)

___ is a standard technique to classify bacteria and make them more visible under a microscope.

Gram stain

macrocytes were characteristic of ___ anemia.

pernicious

developed carbolic acid to treat wounds and clean surgical instruments

Joseph Lister – 1860’s

1. First antiseptic use in surgery, chemicals used as agents on a tissue before surgery (tissue treated with an antimicrobial agent – antiseptic, betadine) disinfectants are chemicals, used on a surface 2. Also proved that microbes cause surgical infections (today’s scourge –MRSA)

Joseph Lister – 1860’s

MRSA means

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

___ is a cause of staph infection that is difficult to treat because of resistance to some antibiotics.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

is credited with the first vaccine – in epidemics of smallpox during the late 1700s

Edward Jenner

Inoculate with fluid from ___ blisters prevented smallpox

cowpox

Inoculate with fluid from cowpox blisters prevented ___

smallpox

Introduced vaccine for smallpox

Edward Jenner

he is also known as the “Father of Immunology”.

Edward Jenner

Vaccination comes from the Latin word “___” meaning ___.

vacca cow

Described methods of preparing cultures

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

Discovered the causative agents of: -tuberculosis -cholera

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

Robert Koch discovered the causative agents of:

-tuberculosis -cholera

he won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Introduced the use of pure culture techniques for handling bacteria in the lab

Robert Koch

Cultured bacteria on agar and Proved germ theory of disease

Robert Koch

developed penicillin in 1929 from a fungus called Penicillium

Alexander Fleming

they were awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of the antibiotic penicillin and identified how it cures bacterial diseases.

Alexander Fleming

___ is derived from a fungus called Penicillium

penicillin

penicillin is derived from a fungus called ___

Penicillium

A German doctor who wanted to find a “magic bullet” an agent that would kill the disease agent without hurting the patient

Paul Ehrlich (14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915)

Developed Salvarsan, “salvation from syphilis” agent 2. This was an arsenical–arsenic compound “atoxyl”, that was effective against syphilis -Antimicrobial agent, medicine to treat a microbial disease, it was chemical –chemotherapy

Paul Ehrlich (14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915)

the “salvation from syphilis” agent

Salvarsan

an arsenical–arsenic compound “___”, that was effective against syphilis

atoxyl

Identification of Microorganisms

Microscopic examination Culture characteristics Biochemical tests Nucleic Acid Analysis Serological Tests A person’s symptoms also play a role

-provides the name of the organism (to genus or species level), which can help in determining whether it is a safety or spoilage concern or is likely to be heat resistant.

Microscopic examination

-effective media culture must contain nutrients broths and agar plates; specialized media are sometimes required for microorganism and cell culture growth.

Culture characteristics

- used for the identification of bacteria species based on the differences in the biochemical activities of different bacteria.

Biochemical tests

- (genomics) involves isolation and characterization of DNA or RNA for use in applications such as genotyping, gene expression analysis, epigenetic analysis, microbiome studies and more.

Nucleic Acid Analysis

-blood tests that look for antibodies in your blood. They can involve a number of laboratory techniques. Different types of serologic tests are used to diagnose various disease conditions.

Serological Tests

Nucleic Acid Analysis is also known as '____'

genomics