Discovery of Microorganisms Flashcards
Early civilizations (e.g., ___) showed signs of using toilets and sewers dating back as far as 2800 BC
Crete, India, Pakistan, and Scotland
___, 315 AD: Public Lavatories with flowing water where people routinely socialized and conducted business.
Rome
___, 384 AD: first discovered spontaneous generation
Aristotle
Aristotle, 384 AD: first discovered ___
spontaneous generation
The Chinese as early as 589 AD produced ___, while Europeans used ___.
toilet paper
moss/hay
According to Aristotle, it was:
“readily observable that ___ arise from the dew which falls on plants, fleas from putrid matter, mice from dirty hay.”
aphids
People attributed diseases to ___ and ___
witchcraft and the devil
Later they believed disease was caused by ___(unpleasant or unhealthy smell)
miasma
1632-1723 ___: was the first to demonstrate the presence of micro-organism via microscope
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
As a draper (merchant who sells cloth and dry goods), he used lenses to examine cloth. This probably led to his interest in lens-making.
He assembled hundreds of microscopes, some of which magnified objects 270 times.
As he looked at things with his microscopes, he discovered “micro” organisms - organisms so tiny that they were invisible to the naked eye.
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Anton van Leeuwenhoek called these tiny living organisms “___”. He first described bacteria, protozoans, and many cells of the human body.
animalcules
Father of Bacteriology
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Father of Protozoology
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Father of Microbiology
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
opposed the prevailing theory of Spontaneous Generation
He was the first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from the eggs of flies.
Francesco Redi 1668
Experiments with meat and flies
Francesco Redi 1668
He is referred to as the “founder of experimental biology”
Francesco Redi 1668
___ is the concept that living organisms arise from non-living material.
Spontaneous generation
Believed death following childbirth (puerperal fever is often caused by the material on the hands of midwives or attending physicians.
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
Noticed death rates higher in maternity wards staffed by medical students than in those attended by midwives. Death rates decreased in summer.
Ignaz Semmelweis
he emphasized The importance of handwashing
Ignaz Semmelweis
He discovered that Streptococcus pneumoniae was the first organism shown to have an important extracellular bacterial pathogen
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
He also developed vaccines (like the anthrax vaccine) to prevent cholera, anthrax, and swine erysipelas (a skin disease)
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Louis Pasteur also developed vaccines (like the ___ vaccine) to prevent cholera, anthrax, and swine erysipelas (a skin disease)
anthrax
Louis Pasteur discovered that ___ was the first organism shown to have an important extracellular bacterial pathogen
Streptococcus pneumoniae
___ is caused by Bacillus anthracis
Anthrax
Anthrax is caused by ___
Bacillus anthracis
Demonstrated that sterile infusions will stay sterile in specially constructed flasks even when they were left open to the air
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Explained differences in results obtained from different laboratories
Proved Pasteur correct
John Tyndall
He concluded that different infusions require different boiling times to be sterilized
Because of heat-resistant microorganisms: Endospores
John Tyndall
John Tyndall discovered heat-resistant microorganisms called ___
Endospores
What age of microbiology includes:
Rapid advances by Pasteur and Robert Koch
Discovery of agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in the prevention and cure of disease
Discoveries include:
Fermentation and pasteurization
The germ theory of disease
Vaccination
Golden Age of Microbiology
The golden age of microbiology includes the following discoveries:
Rapid advances by Pasteur and Robert Koch
Discovery of agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in the prevention and cure of disease
Discoveries include:
Fermentation and pasteurization
The germ theory of disease
Vaccination
this process means the absolute removal of all life forms
Sterilization
___ - is a process in which water and certain packaged and non-packaged foods (such as milk and fruit juice) are treated with mild heat to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life.
Pasteurization
___ -the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.
Fermentation
___ : to fight silkworm disease
Pasteur
___ : Instructed hospital staff to wash hands
Ignaz Semmelweis
___ : treated surgical wounds with phenol solution
Lister
___ : Interviewed sick and healthy Londoners during a cholera epidemic
John Snow
used a primitive compound (two magnifying lenses)
he published Micrographia (1665)
Robert Hooke
his discovery led to the formulation of the cell theory, which states that cells are the basic organizational unit of all living things.
Robert Hooke
Professor of Physics and Mathematics at the University of Reggio Emilia started repeating the experiments of John Turberville Needham.
-Catholic priest, biologist and physiologist –
-He found significant errors in the experiments conducted by Needham
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–1799)
he discovered Mycobacterium leprae
Gerhard Armauer Hansen
his discovery of Mycobacterium leprae proved that leprosy was caused by a germ, and was thus not hereditary, from a curse, or from a sin.
Gerhard Armauer Hansen
Mycobacterium leprae is also known as “___”,
Hansen’s Bacillus
___ is also known as “Hansen’s Bacillus”,
Mycobacterium leprae
Hungarian physician whose work demonstrated that hand-washing could drastically reduce the number of women dying after childbirth.
This work took place in the 1840s, while he was Director of the maternity clinic at the Vienna General Hospital in Austria.
Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-65)
known as the “savior of mothers” who discovered, by 1847, that the incidence of puerperal fever, also known as childbirth fever or puerperal sepsis
Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-65)
puerperal fever, also known as ___ or ___
childbirth fever or puerperal sepsis
was a Danish bacteriologist noted for his development of the Gram stain, still a standard technique to classify bacteria and make them more visible under a microscope.
Gram developed a method for distinguishing between two major classes of bacteria.
Hans Christian Gram
(13 Sept 1853 – 14 Nov 1938)
his initial work concerned the study of red blood cells in men.
He was among the first to recognize that macrocytes were characteristic of pernicious anemia.
Hans Christian Gram
(13 Sept 1853 – 14 Nov 1938)
___ is a standard technique to classify bacteria and make them more visible under a microscope.
Gram stain
macrocytes were characteristic of ___ anemia.
pernicious
developed carbolic acid to treat wounds and clean surgical instruments
Joseph Lister – 1860’s
- First antiseptic use in surgery, chemicals
used as agents on a tissue before
surgery (tissue treated with an
antimicrobial agent – antiseptic,
betadine) disinfectants are chemicals,
used on a surface - Also proved that microbes cause surgical infections (today’s scourge –MRSA)
Joseph Lister – 1860’s
MRSA means
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
___ is a cause of staph infection that is difficult to treat because of resistance to some antibiotics.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
is credited with the first vaccine – in epidemics of smallpox during the late 1700s
Edward Jenner
Inoculate with fluid from ___ blisters prevented smallpox
cowpox
Inoculate with fluid from cowpox blisters prevented ___
smallpox
Introduced vaccine for smallpox
Edward Jenner
he is also known as the “Father of Immunology”.
Edward Jenner
Vaccination comes from the Latin word “___” meaning ___.
vacca
cow
Described methods of preparing cultures
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
Discovered the causative agents of:
-tuberculosis
-cholera
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
Robert Koch discovered the causative agents of:
-tuberculosis
-cholera
he won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Introduced the use of pure culture techniques for handling bacteria in the lab
Robert Koch
Cultured bacteria on agar and
Proved germ theory of disease
Robert Koch
developed penicillin in 1929 from a fungus called Penicillium
Alexander Fleming
they were awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of the antibiotic penicillin and identified how it cures bacterial diseases.
Alexander Fleming
___ is derived from a fungus called Penicillium
penicillin
penicillin is derived from a fungus called ___
Penicillium
A German doctor who wanted to find a “magic bullet” an agent that would kill the disease agent without hurting the patient
Paul Ehrlich (14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915)
Developed Salvarsan, “salvation from syphilis” agent
- This was an arsenical–arsenic compound “atoxyl”, that was effective against syphilis
-Antimicrobial agent, medicine to treat a microbial disease, it was chemical –chemotherapy
Paul Ehrlich (14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915)
the “salvation from syphilis” agent
Salvarsan
an arsenical–arsenic compound “___”, that was effective against syphilis
atoxyl
Identification of Microorganisms
Microscopic examination
Culture characteristics
Biochemical tests
Nucleic Acid Analysis
Serological Tests
A person’s symptoms also play a role
-provides the name of the organism (to genus or species level), which can help in determining whether it is a safety or spoilage concern or is likely to be heat resistant.
Microscopic examination
-effective media culture must contain nutrients broths and agar plates; specialized media are sometimes required for microorganism and cell culture growth.
Culture characteristics
- used for the identification of bacteria species based on the differences in the biochemical activities of different bacteria.
Biochemical tests
- (genomics) involves isolation and characterization of DNA or RNA for use in applications such as genotyping, gene expression analysis, epigenetic analysis, microbiome studies and more.
Nucleic Acid Analysis
-blood tests that look for antibodies in your blood. They can involve a number of laboratory techniques. Different types of serologic tests are used to diagnose various disease conditions.
Serological Tests
Nucleic Acid Analysis is also known as ‘____’
genomics
