Finals - Infectious Agents of the Cardiovascular System - Sheet1 Flashcards
membrane that lines inside the chambers of the heart and forms the surface of the valves
Endocardium
- muscular tissue of the heart
Myocardium
- membrane enclosing the heart
Pericardium
It is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium
Endocarditis
Endocarditis usually involves the HEART VALVES or ATRIUMS?
VALVES
Endocarditis is characterized by a lesion called
VEGETATION
Endocarditis Cause:
(Bacterial) Staphylococcus aureus
an abnormal heart sound of turbulent blood flow through the heart
heart murmur
Diagnosis for Endocarditis
chest X-ray
computed tomography (CT) scan
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Electrocardiogram (EKG)-monitors electrical activity in your heart
CBC
Prevention for Endocarditis
Dental health
Avoid body piercing and tattoos
Seek prompt medical attention if you develop any type of skin infection, open cuts or sores that don’t heal properly
is a complication of rheumatic fever in which the heart valves are damaged.
Rheumatic Heart Disease
is an inflammatory disease that begins with strep throat.
Rheumatic fever
Cause of Rheumatic Heart Disease
Group A Streptococcus
are jerky, uncontrollable body movements — most often in the hands, feet and face
(Sydenham chorea)
Diagnosis for Rheumatic Heart Disease
Physical examination
Echocardiogram (echo)
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Chest X-ray
Cardiac MRI
Blood tests
Treatment for Rheumatic Heart Disease
Antibiotics ( Penicillin)
Aspirin
Steroids
aims to minimize risk factors for a disease in a population through improvement to environment, economic, social and behavioral conditions that are known to increase the risk of infections. Examples include improved housing and reduced overcrowding.
Primordial prevention
aims to prevent complications from a known problem includes early diagnosis of group A streptococcus throat infections
Primary prevention
refers to the early detection of disease and measures to prevent recurrent disease and worsening of the condition (Secondary prophylaxis with regular benzathine penicillin G injection)
Secondary Prevention
aims to prevent complications once a disease is established - means reducing symptoms to minimize disability and prevent premature death.
Tertiary prevention
Condition in which artery wall thickens as the result of a build up of fatty materials such as cholesterol
Atherosclerosis
- is any hardening( and loss of elasticity) of arterioles (small arteries)
Arteriosclerosis
- is used for substances or processes that cause atherosclerosis
Atherogenic
-is the developmental process of atheromatous plaques
Atherogenesis
Causes of Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis begins with damage to the endothelium. Common causes include:
High cholesterol
High blood pressure
Inflammation, like from arthritis or lupus
Obesity or diabetes
Smoking
- in which the doctor puts dye into your arteries will be visible on an X-ray
Angiogram
- a test to compare blood pressures in the lower leg and arm
Ankle-brachial index
- a record the heart’s electrical activity
EKG
-in which you exercise while health care professionals watch your heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing
Stress test
Treatment of Atherosclerosis
Anticholesterol-lowering medications
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers
heart medications including statins and fibrates.
Anticholesterol-lowering medications,
heart medications which may help prevent narrowing of your arteries.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors,
heart medications to lower your blood pressure.
Beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers
also known as inflammatory cardiomyopathy
inflammation of the heart muscle
Causes include bacterial infections, certain medications, toxins, and autoimmune disorders.
Myocarditis
Causes of Myocarditis
Coxsackie B viruses
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Hepatitis C
Herpes
HIV
Parvovirus
(a common sexually transmitted disease)
Chlamydia
(bacteria that cause a lung infection)
Mycoplasma
(the cause of syphilis)
Treponema
(the cause of Lyme disease)
Borrelia
is inflammation of the pericardium (the fibrous sac surrounding the heart).
Causes: viral infection or bacterial infections such as tuberculosis, uremic pericarditis, following a heart attack, cancer, autoimmune disorders, and chest trauma
Pericarditis
uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create cross-sectional images of the heart that can reveal thickening, inflammation or other changes in the pericardium.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-
can help control the inflammation and prevent pericarditis
Colchicine
almost always a complication of endocarditis
may rupture in spite of antibiotic treatment
Mycotic aneurysms
rare infection following bacteremia in older persons with extensive atherosclerotic disease of the aorta
associated with staphylococci (from contaminated IVs) or with Salmonella (from bacteremic intestinal infection)
Aortitis
is the dreaded long-term complication of tuberculosis with pericarditis
Causes impaired filling of the ventricles limited in expansion by the stiff and unyielding pericardium
Pericardiectomy may be necessary
Constrictive pericarditis
Heart involvement during syphilis occurs in the stage of disease, many years after acquisition
tertiary
caused by Borrelia burgdorferii (N. America) and Borrelia afzeli (Europe)
transmitted by Ixodes spp. tick bites
Expanding, ring-like skin lesions occur at the bite sites (“erythema chronicum migrans” or ECM)
ECM followed by dissemination with self-limited fever, arthralgia, neurologic and/or cardiac manifestations after weeks to months.
Long-standing, untreated disease may result in chronic, recurrent arthritis or persistent CNS symptoms.
Lyme disease
is the most common cause of reversible heart block
Lyme carditis
Chagas’ disease is transmitted by
Reduviid bug
blood-sucking insect, lives in roof thatch or cracks in mud walls of substandard rural housing in South and Central America
reduviid bug (triatomine)
the reduviid bug defecates while taking a blood meal; the pathogen, ___, is in the insect feces and is scratched into the bite site by the victim.
Trypanosoma cruz
occurs in tropical regions worldwide
causes fibrosis of the endomyocardium with obliteration of the either (or both) ventricular chambers–> CHF
often preceded by profound eosinophilia
Cause-unknown
Endomyocardial Fibrosis
is a extrapulmonary form of active TB
may scar and cause constrictive pericarditis
treat as for TB with corticosteroids added to prevent scarring
Tuberculous pericarditis
can cause aortic root dilation and aortic insufficiency
Tertiary syphilis
Disseminated phase of ___ is may cause a reversible heart block
Lyme disease
Untreated ___ can cause chronic dilated cardiomyopathy after decades
American trypanosomiasis
