Final Test (World History) Flashcards
Impacts of Sci. Revolution
The Sci. revolution marked a shift from the perception that truth is revealed solely through the Bible and the Church to the perception that truth could be learned through experience and investigation.
It challenged religious teachings on the origins of the universe and explanations for natural
phenomena.
The Church reacted strongly against the scientists who challenged established beliefs.
The Scientific Revolution’s impact on cultural institutions included education and improved
understanding of the natural world to fight “old wives tales”
Scientific Revolution led to the Enlightenment
The Scientific Revolution served as the beginning of the challenging of established ideologies, leading
to the Enlightenment and eventually the political revolutions that took place in Western Europe and colonies beginning in the late 18th century.
The Enlightenment
Enlightenment thinkers believed that natural laws guided social, political and economic systems and institutions, so the Enlightenment impacted religion, government and economics in Europe. This concept shaped the role of education, the relationship between the government and people, and how goods and services were produced and distributed.
Divine Right of Kings – Prior to the Enlightenment, people believed that monarchs were placed on the
throne by God, and as such, should not be questioned or challenged. They believed monarchs had ultimate power to rule from God. Enlightenment thinkers questioned this idea which ultimately led the power of monarchs becoming limited.
Pursuing knowledge and the new ideas of the Enlightenment required freedom from the restraints of the government and the church.
There was a rejection of many of the Church’s doctrines and an increased focus on earthly as well as spiritual welfare.
There was a shift from forms of government in which power was held by only one or few individuals to forms of government in which many have a say, both directly and indirectly.
Enlightenment ideas promoted the belief in a social contract between the governed and their government instead of absolute rule.
The mercantilist system was challenged due to a growing belief that natural laws could define an
economic system including a free-market economy with limited government regulation.
Locke
Natural rights are those rights belonging to all people at birth, including the right to life, liberty, and property. Locke also promoted the social contract which stated that the people had the right to hold the government accountable and overthrow it if the government is not taking care of the people.
Montesquieu
Philosophe) who believed in protecting liberty by dividing the various functions and powers of government among three branches; proposed a system of checks and balances
Voltaire
(Philosophe) who used his writings to fight ignorance, superstition, and intolerance
Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years’ War began in 1618 when king Ferdinand tried to suppress Protestants in Bohemia.
What began as a religious conflict changed to a political war for control of Europe.
The first stage of the war was caused primarily by differences in religions, but in the later stages of
the war, countries fought to gain territorial power.
The French Revolution
Many problems in France due to inequality in the 3 estates with the poorer bulk of the population
paying taxes and the rich “elite” not paying any taxes.
1. Economic Problems – unequal taxes, rising food prices, decreased crop production, debt from
overspending of monarchs (past and present), and debt from helping colonists in American
Revolution
2. Social Problems – inequality between the 3 estates and food shortages made people in 3 rd estate
want social and political change
3. Enlightenment Ideas – people in the 3rd estate liked ideas of liberty and equality, and decided to act
on it
4. Weak leadership – King Louis XVI avoided dealing with the social and economic problems until it was
too late
Population riot and overthrow King Louis XVI. Absolute monarchy is ended in France.
Latin American Revolution
After 300 years of colonial rule, the revolutionary fever of Europe also gripped Latin Americans.
- Many groups were unhappy with the strict social structure found across most of Latin America.
- As people in Latin America became educated, they learned about the Enlightenment Ideas of
Freedom, Equality (rights), and representative forms of government. They were inspired by the
American and French Revolutions for independence as well.
- As the people of Latin America had none of those things, they decided to revolt against the
European powers controlling them.
Industrialization
The change from making goods by hand to making them with machines
A. Life Changes for Workers
1. Urbanization – happened quickly as people left rural areas for the cities
a. As factories were built, cities were built surrounding them
- people needed housing close to work
- factories had to be near water for power, so cities were clustered together
2. Living Conditions- Not enough housing and very poor housing led to many problems
a. Tenements – 1or 2 room apartments
b. 1 bathroom for multiple buildings
c. no running water
d. human waste running in the streets and through homes
e. wide spread diseases (like cholera) due to poor hygiene
3. Working Class – Factory workers
a. out of work farmers willing to work in poor conditions
b. Working Conditions
- life ruled by a bell instead of weather
- dependent on wages instead of crops
-work was repetitive and monotonous which caused many injuries due to
“daydreaming while working
- adults work 10-14 hour days, 6 days a week. 10-12 hours for kids
- rapid spread of diseases due to lack of ventilation in factories
- winter – cold and damp, summer – hot and humid
- very dangerous due to all the moving parts of the machines
Imperialism
Europeans imperialized weaker nations for each of the following reasons:
- National Pride
- Racism
- Need for raw materials – used to make products in Europe due to Industrialization
- Need for new markets to Trade – to sell products from Europe
- Missionaries wanting to convert people to Christianity
Different Views
o Europeans only saw the positives of Imperialism
Gaining raw materials and markets to increase their economies
Spreading technology and knowledge to improve the lives of natives
a. Imperialized countries received
- new medicines
- better technology
- ideas on how to industrialize
b. Local wars between tribes ended
c. Life expectancy and literacy rates increased
Paternalism – policy where Europeans treated natives as if they were children that
had to be taken care of since they believed natives were not able to provide for
themselves
o The Native people experienced the negatives of Imperialism
a. Natives lost personal and political freedoms
b. Natives died due to new diseases brought by Europeans
c. Wars of resistance
d. Many natives forced to give up cultural customs (assimilation) and become more
like the Europeans imperializing them
China
A. China liked being self-sufficient and cherished their traditional ways of living and working
B. Resisted outside influence – did not want to be like the countries of Europe and did not
want to trade with them
- This resistance to change and new technology made the Chinese weak because they did not
advance economically or militarily. - When the imperialist countries of Europe arrived, the Chinese were not able to protect
themselves or their way of life as the Europeans took Spheres of Influence, and eventually the
US proposed the Open Door Policy that established open trade with all countries.
Japan Modernized
A. Modernizes to prevent imperialism during Meiji Restoration
1. Borrowed and adapted western ways
- government, constitution, military, educational system,
- industrialization – modernized traditional industries and developed new industries
2. Imperialized other Asian nations
- fought against China and Russia to gain territory
- Gained colonies in Taiwan and neighboring islands from Sino-Japanese War
- Gained Manchuria after Russo-Japanese War
- Annexed Korea in 1910 – brutal rulers
World War One
MAIN causes of WWI
A. Militarism – European nations built large standing armies to demonstrate their strength. They
glorified their army’s power and developed plans for rapid mobilization.
1. Caused conflict among nations
B. Alliances
1. formed to keep peace but cause more conflict
2. Triple Alliance – included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
a. goal was to isolate France
b. started in 1882
3. Triple Entente – included Great Britain, France, and Russia
a. started in 1907
C. Imperialism
1. Necessary because of Industrialization
2. Caused countries to become rivals
a. competing for more natural resources and trade markets in colonies
D. Nationalism
1. Love and devotion to one’s country but not necessarily the leaders
2. Unifying people within a country, but also causing competition and rivalry between Europe’s
Great Power countries (G.B., Italy, France, Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary)
3. Nationalism in the Balkan Region caused it to be known as the “powder keg” of Europe
(ready to explode)
The Spark
o Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated which caused the “powder keg” Balkan region to
explode into war.
o After the assassination, the alliance system kicked in and nations were went to war against
each other
o World War I was underway
Russian Revolution
- Czarist rule in Russia was very oppressive in the 1800s with many rules and dissenters being sent
to Siberia, imprisioned, or killed.
- Citizen uprising against the govt. was nearly unstoppable
- Peasants treated little better than slaves with few rights
- Nobles went along with monarchy so they could treat peasants poorly
- Industrialization was both good and bad for Russia – they modernized but it made life harder for
citizens
a. terrible working conditions, low wages, child labor, and outlawed trade unions to
fight for workers’ rights
- WWI went terribly for the Russians because they were not prepared for the economic and military
costs of the war (insufficient food, lack of weapons and military training, inefficient government),
and that led to huge casualties on the war front. Since the war was not going well, the Russian
people wanted out of WWI.
- Due to the harshness of the czars and tough living and working conditions, citizens began a
revolutionary movement following the ideas of Karl Marx – goal was for the proletariat workers
to overthrow the czar.
- This movement resulted in the March Revolution, the exit from WWI, the Bolshevik Revolution,
the assassination of the entire royal family, and the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR) as a communistic country.
