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Radiology Bushong > Final Sememster 1 RT 2 Review > Flashcards

Final Sememster 1 RT 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

The energy of motion

Radiation that is capable of removing an electron from an atom

A

Kinetic energy

Ionizing radiation

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2
Q

Material used for fluorescent in Flouro

Uses aluminum or copper to absorb low energy X-rays -in the tube

A

Barium platinocyanide

Filtration

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3
Q

Smallest particle of an element

Atoms that have same atomic # and different mass

A

Atom

Isotopes

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4
Q

Gamma rays come from

X-rays comes from

A

Nucleus

Electron cloud

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5
Q

X-rays and gamma rays are =

A

Photons

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6
Q

Radiology is considered a ________ occupation

Original atom and the negative electron that was removed from orbit

A

Safe

Ion Pair

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7
Q

Charge of Cathode=
Charge of Anode=

Non ionizing radiation

A

Negative
Positive

Sono and MRI

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8
Q

X-rays and gamma rays have what charge??

A

No mass and no charge

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9
Q

An atom in a normal state has s charge of

A

Zero!

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10
Q

Velocity=
Static Radiology
Dynamic radiology

A

Speed of light
Still image
Flouro/motion

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11
Q

Intensity =

A

Quantity!

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12
Q

The unit of energy:
Absorbed dose:
Radiation equivalent man:

A

Joule
Rad
Rem

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13
Q

The source of electrons come from what target mAterial in tube

A

Cathode

Tungsten

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14
Q

Half value layer

A

Quantity of thickness in built in filtration that reduces # of X-rays in 1/2

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15
Q

The largest source of natural radiation ?

A

Radon

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16
Q

Who developed the Flouro scope?

2 types of particulate radiation?

A

Thomas Edison

Alpha and Beta

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17
Q

The date of discovery of X-rays by Wilhem Roentgen ?

A

November 8, 1895

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18
Q

The unit of radiation exposure ??

A

Air kerma /Gya (R)

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19
Q

Smallest quantity of electromagnetic energy

A

Photon

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20
Q

Rate of rise and fall on sine wave

Distance from one crest to the next

A

Frequency (how many waves)

Wavelength (distance between waves),
These two are most important!

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21
Q

If 50kVp is coming out of the wall/tube what is going to the patient??

A

Up to 50kev

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22
Q

Reduction of the # of X-rays in certain tissues. X-rays absorb differently in different tissues

A

Attenuation

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23
Q

What conversion will we look for when a question asks about mR??

And about mAs ?

A

Inverse square Law

Direct square law

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24
Q

Properties of electromagnetic energy

A

Frequency
Wavelength
Velocity amplitude

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25
Q

Sunlight consists of 2 visible light; what r they

A

Infrared

UltrViolet

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26
Q

The microwave has very ______ wavelengths

A

Short

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27
Q

X-rays and gamma ray are equal energy only they differ by their

A

Origin

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28
Q

Velocity ===

A

Constant

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29
Q

(electric potential) Volts are converted to

(Electric current)Amperage is converted to

A

KVP

mA

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30
Q

Series circuit vs parallel circuit

Direct current DC vs ALternating current AC

A

All circuits are on one line along same circuit (old Xmas lights) one goes out they all do.
* New Christmas= parallel

Electrons flow in same direction
Electrons flow back and forth

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31
Q

The law of electrostatics:
Like charges _______
Unlike charges ________

Electrostatic charge is a

A

Repel
Attract

Coloumb

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32
Q

Device used to changes electric current

A

Transformer

Only works with AC

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33
Q

Weakly repelled or attracted
Strongly attracted to magnetic
In between attraction and repelling

A

Diamagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic

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34
Q

A coil of wire

A

Solenoid

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35
Q

Eddie current

Electrons travel outside the wire; on the innermost curve of that wire

A

Like ripples in the water

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36
Q

The autotransformer -

Rectification

A

Has one winding and one core!

Converts AC >DC

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37
Q

All electric circuits are low voltage to prevent

A

Shock

38
Q

We don’t use a focal spot with high mA for such as Flouro because

A

Using the focal spot increases heat in the tube as does an increase in mA

39
Q

The control console contains:

A 
Autotransformer 
Kvp selectors 
mA selector but NOT mA meter 
Line compensation 
Tap windings
40
Q

The high voltage section contains:

mA - post reader
Kvp-pre reader

A 
Step up transformer
Step down transformer 
Focal spot selector 
mA meter 
Rectifier
41
Q

The X-ray circuit contains 3 sections

A

Control console
High voltage generator
X-ray tube

42
Q

X-rays are emitted —

_____ is used as an insulator to prevent electric shock

A

Isotropically

Oil

43
Q

The glass used in an X-ray tube is

A

Pyrex

To withstand the heat

44
Q

The filament emits electrons when it is heated (boiling off electrons) this is called

A

Thermionic emission

45
Q

Tungsten vaporization is a common cause of tube failure and can cause ______

A

Tube arching

46
Q

Selection of a small or large focal spot is selected by ____

A

The mA station selector

47
Q

The focus Cup is on what side of the tube and has a charge of

A

Cathode side and is negatively charged

48
Q

The greater the angle of the Anode tube; the greater

A

The Focal spot (beam)

49
Q

The cathode side of the tube is more ____ than the anode side of the tube

A

Intense

50
Q

Remember tube rating charts!

A

On or below the line of interest!!

51
Q

The electron from cathode to Anode is called

A

The projectile electron

52
Q

Outer shell electrons, fill the void of an inner shell to produce a characteristic X-ray; what shell causes this?

It is characteristic because of its

A

K shell

Target material (tungsten)

53
Q

These X-rays are produced when a projectile electron is slowed by a magnetic/nuclear field.

A

Bremsstrahlung

54
Q

Brems are all low energy X-rays

Characteristic are

A

X-rays that are 69/70 kvp! Only !!

55
Q 
Exposure
Intensity 
Density 
#s 
Quantity

Described words for mAs or kvp

A

mAs

Quantity

56
Q 
Penetrability 
Dosemter/ion pairs 
Kvp 
HVL 
Quality

Are all words that describe mAs or kvp

A

Kvp !!

Quality

57
Q

Most X-rays are Brems and are between

A

20-150kvp

Long scale; low contrast!! (High kvp)

Short scale; high contrast (low kvp)

58
Q

Filtration _______ pt dose

A grid _______ pt dose

A

Lowers

Increases

59
Q

Other names for coherent scattering

A

Classical, Thompson, Rayleigh

60
Q

The incident X-rays that effect the occupational dose?

The incident X-rays that effect the patient dose ??

A

Compton scattering

Photoelectric effect

61
Q

Compton scattering interacts with the _____ shell electron

Photoelectric interacts with the _______ shell electron in patients body

A

Outer

Inner

62
Q

2 electrodes; used to be the vacuum tubes but now is made of silicon

A

Diode

63
Q

The source of X-rays in X-ray tube

A

Are from the focal spot

64
Q

The first working computer

Th first general purpose computer

A

Colossus

ENIAC

65
Q

Computers were first developed with

A

Vacuum tubes

66
Q

Oldest computer language

A

Fortran

67
Q

Bit
Byte
Nibble
Chomp

A

0, 1
8 bits
1/2 byte
2 words

68
Q

Bootstrap on the computer means

A

Program to turn on computer

69
Q

Manipulates data and carry out instructions on the computer; memory

A

CPU

70
Q

Standard method of storage of images

A

DICOM

Digital imaging and communications in medicine

71
Q

Tele-radiography

A

Transfer of data to remote sites of radiologists to view images

72
Q

4 characteristics of medical image

A

Spatial resolution
Contrast resolution
Noise
Artifacts

73
Q

Parallax effect =

A

Penumbra

74
Q

Ability of imaging system to render objects into different sizes and shapes

A

MTF

75
Q

Spatial Resolution=

A

Detail

The greater the pixels the better the detail

76
Q

We use a ______ to remove fog!

A

Grid

77
Q

Photopic

Scotopic

A

Bright light-comes of eye

Dim light -rods of eye

78
Q

RIS

Voltage variation causing lines

A

Radiology information system

Line noise

79
Q

Cathode ray tube (CRT) vs LCD

A

CRT =scanned beam;Curved face

LCD = active matrix; flat faced

80
Q

If you have quantum noise; you don’t have enough

A

mAs

81
Q

What is the Activator for CR?? CR can not be possible with out this

A

Eu (europium)

82
Q

What is CCD?

A

Charge couple device

Silicon based semi conductor

83
Q

The fill factor is sensitive to X-rays at what percentage

A

80%; 20% does not contribute to image in DR

84
Q

The number of gray shades that an imaging systems produce

Human eye can detect how many shades of gray

A

Dynamic range

30 shades of gray

85
Q

Spatial resolution is determine by

A

MTF

86
Q

Bus lines; conductors =

A

TFT (thin film transistor)

87
Q

Light emission through stimulation

Light emission during stimulation

A

Fluorescence

Phosphorescence

88
Q

Converts electric energy to mechanical

Converts mechanical to electrical energy

A

Motor

Generator

89
Q

Th largest man made source of ionizing radiation?

A

Diagnostic X-rays!!

90
Q

The unit used for

Absorbed dose, biological effects, and ionizing radiation is

A

Rad

100R= 1 rad Gya
100mR= .001 Gya
Rad =Gya also

91
Q

The unit used for equivalent man, occupational or population dose is

A

Rem

100 Rem =1 Sv
100 mRem =.001 Sv

92
Q

The source of electrons come from

The source of X-rays come from

A

The filament

The focal spot

Radiology Bushong (11 decks)

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