Final Sememster 1 RT 2 Review Flashcards by Michelle Niewinski

The energy of motion

Radiation that is capable of removing an electron from an atom

Kinetic energy

Ionizing radiation

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Material used for fluorescent in Flouro

Uses aluminum or copper to absorb low energy X-rays -in the tube

Barium platinocyanide

Filtration

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Smallest particle of an element

Atoms that have same atomic # and different mass

Atom

Isotopes

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Gamma rays come from

X-rays comes from

Nucleus

Electron cloud

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X-rays and gamma rays are =

Photons

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Radiology is considered a ________ occupation

Original atom and the negative electron that was removed from orbit

Safe

Ion Pair

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Charge of Cathode=
Charge of Anode=

Non ionizing radiation

Negative
Positive

Sono and MRI

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X-rays and gamma rays have what charge??

No mass and no charge

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An atom in a normal state has s charge of

Zero!

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Velocity=
Static Radiology
Dynamic radiology

Speed of light
Still image
Flouro/motion

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Intensity =

Quantity!

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The unit of energy:
Absorbed dose:
Radiation equivalent man:

Joule
Rad
Rem

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The source of electrons come from what target mAterial in tube

Cathode

Tungsten

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Half value layer

Quantity of thickness in built in filtration that reduces # of X-rays in 1/2

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The largest source of natural radiation ?

Radon

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Who developed the Flouro scope?

2 types of particulate radiation?

Thomas Edison

Alpha and Beta

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The date of discovery of X-rays by Wilhem Roentgen ?

November 8, 1895

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The unit of radiation exposure ??

Air kerma /Gya (R)

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Smallest quantity of electromagnetic energy

Photon

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Rate of rise and fall on sine wave

Distance from one crest to the next

Frequency (how many waves)

Wavelength (distance between waves),
These two are most important!

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If 50kVp is coming out of the wall/tube what is going to the patient??

Up to 50kev

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Reduction of the # of X-rays in certain tissues. X-rays absorb differently in different tissues

Attenuation

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What conversion will we look for when a question asks about mR??

And about mAs ?

Inverse square Law

Direct square law

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Properties of electromagnetic energy

Frequency
Wavelength
Velocity amplitude

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Sunlight consists of 2 visible light; what r they

Infrared | UltrViolet

The microwave has very ______ wavelengths

Short

X-rays and gamma ray are equal energy only they differ by their

Origin

Velocity ===

Constant

(electric potential) Volts are converted to | (Electric current)Amperage is converted to

KVP | mA

Series circuit vs parallel circuit Direct current DC vs ALternating current AC

All circuits are on one line along same circuit (old Xmas lights) one goes out they all do. * New Christmas= parallel Electrons flow in same direction Electrons flow back and forth

The law of electrostatics: Like charges _______ Unlike charges ________ Electrostatic charge is a

Repel Attract Coloumb

Device used to changes electric current

Transformer | Only works with AC

Weakly repelled or attracted Strongly attracted to magnetic In between attraction and repelling

Diamagnetic Ferromagnetic Paramagnetic

A coil of wire

Solenoid

Eddie current Electrons travel outside the wire; on the innermost curve of that wire

Like ripples in the water

The autotransformer - Rectification

Has one winding and one core! Converts AC >DC

All electric circuits are low voltage to prevent

Shock

We don’t use a focal spot with high mA for such as Flouro because

Using the focal spot increases heat in the tube as does an increase in mA

The control console contains:

``` Autotransformer Kvp selectors mA selector but NOT mA meter Line compensation Tap windings ```

The high voltage section contains: mA - post reader Kvp-pre reader

``` Step up transformer Step down transformer Focal spot selector mA meter Rectifier ```

The X-ray circuit contains 3 sections

Control console High voltage generator X-ray tube

X-rays are emitted — | _____ is used as an insulator to prevent electric shock

Isotropically Oil

The glass used in an X-ray tube is

Pyrex | To withstand the heat

The filament emits electrons when it is heated (boiling off electrons) this is called

Thermionic emission

Tungsten vaporization is a common cause of tube failure and can cause ______

Tube arching

Selection of a small or large focal spot is selected by ____

The mA station selector

The focus Cup is on what side of the tube and has a charge of

Cathode side and is negatively charged

The greater the angle of the Anode tube; the greater

The Focal spot (beam)

The cathode side of the tube is more ____ than the anode side of the tube

Intense

Remember tube rating charts!

On or below the line of interest!!

The electron from cathode to Anode is called

The projectile electron

Outer shell electrons, fill the void of an inner shell to produce a characteristic X-ray; what shell causes this? It is characteristic because of its

K shell Target material (tungsten)

These X-rays are produced when a projectile electron is slowed by a magnetic/nuclear field.

Bremsstrahlung

Brems are all low energy X-rays | Characteristic are

X-rays that are 69/70 kvp! Only !!

``` Exposure Intensity Density #s Quantity ``` Described words for mAs or kvp

mAs | Quantity

``` Penetrability Dosemter/ion pairs Kvp HVL Quality ``` Are all words that describe mAs or kvp

Kvp !! | Quality

Most X-rays are Brems and are between

20-150kvp Long scale; low contrast!! (High kvp) Short scale; high contrast (low kvp)

Filtration _______ pt dose | A grid _______ pt dose

Lowers | Increases

Other names for coherent scattering

Classical, Thompson, Rayleigh

The incident X-rays that effect the occupational dose? The incident X-rays that effect the patient dose ??

Compton scattering Photoelectric effect

Compton scattering interacts with the _____ shell electron Photoelectric interacts with the _______ shell electron in patients body

Outer | Inner

2 electrodes; used to be the vacuum tubes but now is made of silicon

Diode

The source of X-rays in X-ray tube

Are from the focal spot

The first working computer Th first general purpose computer

Colossus ENIAC

Computers were first developed with

Vacuum tubes

Oldest computer language

Fortran

Bit Byte Nibble Chomp

0, 1 8 bits 1/2 byte 2 words

Bootstrap on the computer means

Program to turn on computer

Manipulates data and carry out instructions on the computer; memory

CPU

Standard method of storage of images

DICOM | Digital imaging and communications in medicine

Tele-radiography

Transfer of data to remote sites of radiologists to view images

4 characteristics of medical image

Spatial resolution Contrast resolution Noise Artifacts

Parallax effect =

Penumbra

Ability of imaging system to render objects into different sizes and shapes

MTF

Spatial Resolution=

Detail | The greater the pixels the better the detail

We use a ______ to remove fog!

Grid

Photopic | Scotopic

Bright light-comes of eye | Dim light -rods of eye

RIS Voltage variation causing lines

Radiology information system Line noise

Cathode ray tube (CRT) vs LCD

CRT =scanned beam;Curved face LCD = active matrix; flat faced

If you have quantum noise; you don’t have enough

mAs

What is the Activator for CR?? CR can not be possible with out this

Eu (europium)

What is CCD?

Charge couple device | Silicon based semi conductor

The fill factor is sensitive to X-rays at what percentage

80%; 20% does not contribute to image in DR

The number of gray shades that an imaging systems produce Human eye can detect how many shades of gray

Dynamic range 30 shades of gray

Spatial resolution is determine by

MTF

Bus lines; conductors =

TFT (thin film transistor)

Light emission through stimulation | Light emission during stimulation

Fluorescence | Phosphorescence

Converts electric energy to mechanical Converts mechanical to electrical energy

Motor Generator

Th largest man made source of ionizing radiation?

Diagnostic X-rays!!

The unit used for | Absorbed dose, biological effects, and ionizing radiation is

Rad 100R= 1 rad Gya 100mR= .001 Gya Rad =Gya also

The unit used for equivalent man, occupational or population dose is

Rem 100 Rem =1 Sv 100 mRem =.001 Sv

The source of electrons come from The source of X-rays come from

The filament The focal spot