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Radiology Bushong > Final 1st spring > Flashcards

Final 1st spring Flashcards

1
Q

The test used to determine proper operation/malfunctioning of the system— should be done regularly by

A

TG 18-QC

Technologist but responsibility of medical physicists

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2
Q

The German standards;document for acceptance testing is called ____the and published by ______

A

DIN 2001

By deutsches institut fur normunng

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3
Q

The standard that allows medical images to be transferred through DICOM

A

GSDF

Gray scale display function

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4
Q

The flat panel display measurement is a set of instructions that can be used to evaluate performance

A

VESA

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5
Q

The ACR recommended these patterns for QC purposes: qualitative and quantitative

A

AAPM TG 18

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6
Q

2 types of photometers

A

Near range -close to display device

Telescopic -test at 1 m distance

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7
Q

The luminance response can be tested with what

A

TG 18-CT

A maximum of 171 cd

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8
Q

Multiple fields on a single IP:

A discrete plot or graph :

A

Partitioning

Histogram

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9
Q

A softwAre correction to equalize response of each pixel to a uniform X-ray beam

A

Flatshielding

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10
Q

The process of assigning a value to a dead pixel on recorded values

A

Interpolation

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11
Q

2 laws of photometry

A

Inverse

Cosine

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12
Q

Luminous flux is measured by :

Measure of brightness; units of candela:

A

Candela

Nit

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13
Q 
Digital viewing is best done\_\_\_\_\_\_
# a gray scale that can be produced on an imaging system :
A

Straight on

Dynamic range

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14
Q

X-rays that get converted to light and then to electrical signal

A

Indirect DR

CSI/CCD

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15
Q

X-rays that are converted straight to electric signal

A

Direct DR

A-Se

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16
Q

The lens or fiber optic that transfers X-rays to collection

A

Coupling element

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17
Q

A photostimuable phosphor for DR is the

A

Capture element

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18
Q

1024 bytes =
Group of 8 bits and
1024x1024

A

KB
Byte
MB

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19
Q

The electronic circuitry that does computations and memory supports together is the

A

Processor

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20
Q

To give the best details; we need

A

More SID, no OID, and small focal spot

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21
Q

Visibility of image detail is determined by

A

Contrast resolution

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22
Q

Optical Density has 2 controlling factors which are:

A

MAs and SID

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23
Q

High frequency generators are used for which modalities

A

CT, mammo, portables

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24
Q

The high voltage generator
3 phase 6 pulse has what percentage ripple???
And 3 phase 12 pulse?,

A

14%
4%
Full ancestry half wave are 100%

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25
Q

These are 3 steps to what?
Acceptance testing
Routine performance
Maintenance

A

A QC Program

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26
Q

Image interpretation, scheduling, pt preparation are all part of what program??

A

Quality assurance QA

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27
Q

Filtered ion chambers can be used to test what?

A

Kvp calliboration

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28
Q

The purpose of the autotransformer?

Rectifier is on the high voltage side and it’s purpose is to

A

Kvp selector

Convert AC to DC

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29
Q

Any mAS change is only affecting

A

mAS!!!!

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30
Q

Increasing or decreasing KvP affects

A

Contrast and density only!!!!

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31
Q

Focal spot size: increasing focal spot size will make the image

A

Worse!!

It only affects detail!!!

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32
Q

The more scatter will do what to contrast

A

Decrease

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33
Q

The higher the grid ratio, causes density to _______ and contrast to ________

A

Decrease and contrast increase

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34
Q

Grids only affect

A

Density and contrast!!!

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35
Q

Increasing or decreasing SID has what affect on contrast??

A

No affect!!!!

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36
Q

The source of X-rays come from

A

The focal spot

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37
Q

Outer shell electrons of the filament atoms are “boiled off”

A

Thermionic emission

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38
Q

The protective housing around X-ray tubes contain oil to serve as an

A

Insulator and a cushion to dissipate heat !

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39
Q

The cathode is the negative side of the time and it contains 2 primary parts which are:,

A

Focusing cup

The filament

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40
Q

Most exposure timers are controlled by a

A

Microprocessor

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41
Q

Electric current is
Electric potential is
Electric power

A

Ampere
Volts and measured in joule !!!
Watts

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42
Q

Transfer of heat from one place to another

Transfer of energy

A

Convection

Conduction

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43
Q

What is the best method is specifying X-ray quality ?,

A

HVL

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44
Q

Th purpose of filtration is to remove

A

Low energy X-rays

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45
Q

Lossless

Lossy

A

Reconstructible

Fine detail not required, video

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46
Q

of shades of gray that an imaging system can produce

A

Dynamic range

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47
Q

X-rays that are converted to electric signal and uses a-Se are

A

Direct DR

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48
Q

X-rays that are converted to light and then to electric signal and uses CSI/CCD is

A

Indirect DR

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49
Q

The lens/fiber optic; piece that transfers X-ray to collection

A

Coupling element

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50
Q

The image plate has a lead backing to

A

Reduce scatter and improve contrast

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51
Q

These consist of devices that translate computer info into a form that humans can understand

A

Output hardware

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52
Q

Kvp varies with thickness of a part which is

A

2kvp/cm of part

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53
Q

Air gap acts as what grid?

Disadvantage of OID

A

8:1

Magnification and Fs blur

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54
Q

Most grid interspace material is made of what ?

A

Aluminum or plastic fiber

Aluminum has less visible lines but it take more primary X-rays so Plast fiber is preferred

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55
Q

A measure of the penetrating primary and scatter X-rays through the grid (used to compare grid to non grid)

A

Bucky factor

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56
Q

THe advantages to compression devices

A

Improves spatial and contrast resolutions and decreases pt dose

57
Q

To have quantum mottle means to have

A

Not enough mAs

58
Q

The bigger the object; the _______ distortion

A

More

59
Q

2 things affect magnificAtion

A

OID

sID

60
Q

X-rays that exit the pt and interact with the Image receptor

A

Image forming X-rays

61
Q

As scatter increases , the image loses

A

Contrast

62
Q

The 3 scatter factors

A

Part thickness, kvp, and fold size

63
Q

The atomic # for bone
The atomic # tissue
The atomic # iodine m barium

A

13
7.4
53 & 56

64
Q

Differential absorption occurs when X-rays

A

Are transmitted thru the pt

Photoelectrically absorbed

65
Q

X-rays that are transmitted thru the patient are

Radiopaque OR radiolucent

A

Radiolucent

66
Q

Compton scattering is only partially

A

Absorbed

67
Q

No energy transfer or ionization but causes noise on image

A

Coherent

Lowers contrast on image (more shades of gray

68
Q

Incident X-rays interact with the outer shell electron and ejects it; ionizing the atom

A

Compton

69
Q

Inner shell electrons & is total absorption

A

Photoelectric

70
Q

After photoelectric interaction: ejection of K shell gives a vacancy when the outer shell L takes its place is called

A

Characteristic X-rays

Which only occurs at 69-70kvp!

71
Q

Annihilation occurs above 1.02 meV (this interact room occurs on PET scans)

A

Pair production

72
Q

The glass or metal enclosure of X-ray tube filters beam

A

Inherent filtration

73
Q

A thin sheet of AL between protective tube housing and X-ray beam collimator

A

Added filtration

74
Q

A way of increasing high energy X-rays and removing low energy X-rays is called

A

X-ray beam hardening

75
Q

X-rays at any given energy are more penetrating in material with high or low atomic #s

A

Low atomic #

76
Q

The process of the image intensifir:

A

X-rays photons
Light photons
Electrons
Back to light

77
Q

Ration of The # of light photons at the output phosphor over the # of Xrays at the input phosphor

A

Flux gain

78
Q

Ability of II to increase the illumination level of the image
Min gainXflux gain

A

Brightness gain

79
Q

1 X-ray can create ______ light photons

A

3000

80
Q

The photocathode in the image intensifier emits

A

Electrons!!

81
Q 
Parts of the eye :
Iris 
Cornea 
Retina
Fovea centralis
A

Diaphragm
Protective layer
Rods n cones
Center of eye

82
Q

Dynamic process that are sometimes dim so it requires illumination (image intensifier)

A

Fluoroscopy

83
Q

Who invented flouroscopy?

A

Thomas Edison

84
Q

X-rays that exits the patient are incident on the II tube are transmitted thru the glass envelope & interact with the

A

Input phosphor

Which is CSI (cesium iodide)

85
Q

When X-rays interact with the input phosphor of the II, it’s energy is converted to

A

Light

86
Q

Electron emission that follows light stimulation

A

Photoemission

87
Q

The photocathode emits electrons when illuminated by the input phosphor; this is called

A

Photoemission

88
Q

This would occur from continuous synergies exposures & pt dose would be high!

A

Thermal overloading

89
Q

Who endorsed Th “pause and pulse” and was adopted by image gently

A

Image wisely

90
Q

2 image receptors used for digital flouro

A

CCD and flat panel

91
Q

Method of temporal subtraction that results in successive subtraction images of contrast filled vessels

A

Mask mode

92
Q

The devices used to test focal spot ?

The device used to test collimation?

A

Star, slit, pinhole

PBL (semi annually 2%)

93
Q

The image forming X-rays hit the IR and creates the invisible

A

Latent image

94
Q

Image contrast on the image formation in flouro is improved with

A

Subtraction techniques

95
Q

The video system used in conventional flouro uses

A

525 line system

96
Q

Background electronic noise

A

Is similar to image fog in digital- obscures electronic signal(reduces contrast)

97
Q

Process by which very high energy X-rays can escape with electrons; the nuclear electric field and can be directly absorbed by nucleus

A

Photodisintegration

98
Q

Interaction between the X-ray and the nuclear field that causes the X-ray to disappear and 2 electrons (one positive, one negative) to take its place

A

Pair Production

99
Q

Geometric unsharpness; image blur that occurs from the size of the focal spot

A

Penumbra

100
Q

Electron in the outermost shell

A

Valence electron

101
Q

Electronic vacuum tube that amplified a flouro image to reduce pt dose

A

Image intensifier

102
Q

Can be reconstructed like original

When fine details not required
100:1 compression factor

A

Lossless

Lossy (not used for mammo)

103
Q

Emission of electrons from the photocathode

A

Photoemission

104
Q

What conversion occurs in the image at the input phosphor of the II

A

X-rays converted to visible light

105
Q

Which conversion occurs in the Image at the photocathode of the II

A

Light is converted to electrons

106
Q

Which conversion occurs in the image at the output phosphor of an II

A

Electrons are converted to visible light

107
Q

Which comes 1st in II fluoroscopy ?

A

Cesium iodide screen

108
Q

Which component of the tv monitor transfers the video signal into a visible image ?

A

Fluorescent screen

109
Q

What would not be found in the interspaces of a grid

A

Lead!

110
Q

The image after processing is known as the

A

Manifest image

111
Q

How far from The IR would we practice moving the patient for OID

A

10-15cm

112
Q

Feature on a flouroscope That allows the radiologist to select image brightness that is maintained automatically

A

ABC

Automatic brightness control

113
Q

X-ray that r suite from interaction of the projectile electron with a target nucleus, braking radiation

A

Brems X-ray

114
Q

Electron beam tube that designed for a 2 dimensional display view

A

Cathode ray tube

115
Q

Negative side of the X-ray tube

Contains filament and focusing cup

A

Cathode side

116
Q

Solid state device that converts light to electrons

A

Charge couple device

117
Q

Recording of flouro image on movie film

A

Cineflouragraphy

118
Q

Percentage of X-rays absorbed by the IR

A

DQE

119
Q

Standard that enables imaging systems to communicate

A

DICOM

120
Q

Part of the cathode that emits electrons, resulting in tube current :
Metal shroud that surrounds the filament:

A

Filament

Focusing cup

121
Q

Absence of optical density on a radiograph caused by unintended X-ray absorption in a grid

A

Grid cutoff

122
Q

Deterioration of the radiograph image

A

Image noise

123
Q

Electron cloud from the filament

A

Space charge

124
Q

Television camera tube that is used most often in Tv flouro:

Reduction of brightness in the periphery

A

Vidicon

Vignetting

125
Q

The___________ mode of reading the digital signal produces a sharper image with less flicker

A

Progressive

125
Q

The output signal from The II digital image is transmitted to an analog-digital converter

A

ADC

126
Q

When using s 1024x1024 matrix mode is being used than ___ images can be transferred per second

A

8

127
Q

Two subtraction techniques; temporal and energy subtractions used in flouro together is called

A

Hybrid subtraction

128
Q

subtracted images from a different mask and follow up frame

A

TID

Time interval difference

129
Q

Energy subtraction -

Temporal subtraction -

A

Rapid kvp, complex image subtraction

Single kvp, simple subtraction

130
Q

Conventional line system has _____ lines

Digital 1024x1024 has _____ line system

A

525

1000

131
Q

Th federal law and most states under normal flouro the ESD should not exceed

A

10 R/min

132
Q

Th entrance skin dose (ESD) for an adult during flour on average is

A

3-5 R/min

133
Q

Th horizontal resolution in video monitoring is determined by the

A

Bandpass

The higher the better

134
Q

The _____ is a heater filament that supplies constant electron current by thermionic emission

A

Electron gun

135
Q

Use of a smaller dimension of a multifield II tube results in

A

A magnified image!

136
Q

The ability to perceive fine detail is called

A

Visual acuity

137
Q

This timer will terminate after 6 s

A

Guard timer

138
Q

Reduction in contrast in the II

A

Veiling glare

Radiology Bushong (11 decks)

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