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Radiology Bushong > ch 14-16 > Flashcards

ch 14-16 Flashcards

1
Q

Decision making of the CPU;

Evaluated an immediate response

A

Logic function

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2
Q

The microprocessor of the computer

A

Is the CPU (central processing unit)

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3
Q

A device that demonstrates signals to convert digital to analog through a phone line

A

Modem

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4
Q

Device used to produce alphanumeric characters

A

Character generator

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5
Q

A string of 8 bits

A

A Byte

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6
Q

The computer program that organizes the course of data thru computer such as DOS, Windows, MAC)

A

Operating system

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7
Q

An initial program to wake up the computer (power on)

A

Bootstrap!

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8
Q

Specific computational program or formulas and equations

A

Algorithms

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9
Q

Early mathematic computer program. That Microsoft developed into a powerful programming language

A

BASIC

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10
Q

Data to be accessed at random from anywhere

A

RAM

Random access memory

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11
Q

Hardware vs software

A

Hardware you can see(nuts n bolts of computer) software are the programs that operate the computer

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12
Q

Kinds of hardware

A

Input output divides, memory sticks, microprocessor

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13
Q

A single binary digit

8 bits

2 bytes

A

Binary

Byte

Word

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14
Q

____________ runs the computer

______________ runs the data.

A

System software

Application programs

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15
Q

What computer language was the 1st successful computer language ?

A

FORTRAN

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16
Q

What is teleradiology

A

Practice where radiologists remotely read exam results

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17
Q

What is one kB (kilobyte)

A

1024 bytes

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18
Q

A photostimulable phosphor (PSP) bound in a cassette is an image receptor

A

Imaging plate

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19
Q

What is used as the activator in a photostimlable phosphor? Or latent image center in CR

A

Eu) europium

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20
Q

The time varying analog signal from the photodetector is processed and digitized with attenuation by

A

Signal sampling

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21
Q

An electron excited energy state beyond its normal orbital state

A

Metastable electron

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22
Q

A broad spectrum of wavelengths (colors) of visible light

A

Polychromatic

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23
Q

The rapid manner in which the laser beam is swept across the imaging plate

A

Fast scan

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24
Q

Electrons raised to an exited state by X-ray exposure return to ground state with an immediate emission of light

A

Prompt emission

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25
Q

A phosphor barium flourohalide, where electrons are not released to the ground state until light is emitted.

A

Storage phosphor

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26
Q

The white appearance of phosphor particles bcuz of their small size

A

Turbid

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27
Q

A silicon solid state device sensitive to light.

Which converts light into electrical signal !!

A

Photodiode

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28
Q

How is the latent image formed in CR

A

Electrons are energized by X-ray interaction into excited metastable energy state.

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29
Q

What causes the phitostimulable phosphor plate to appear turbid??

A

The small size of crystals causing them to scatter incident light

30
Q

How do we reduce backscatter in CR ?

A

The imaging plate is backed with Lead to absorb the scatter radiation. Which causes noise on the image

31
Q

What are the colors for
Emitted light?
Stimulating light?

A 
Emitting= blue/green
Stimulating = red/orange
32
Q

What is the purpose of an optical filter positioned before the photodetector ??

A

To absorb any scattered long wavelength laser light !!

33
Q

What is slow scan??

A

The mechanical drive of the imaging plate through the reader

34
Q

What is a buffer??

A

A temporary storage place (usually a hard disk)

35
Q

Why is beam shaping required for laser beam ??

A

To ensure the beam interacts with the IP, it remains as a circle, not to distort into an ellipse

36
Q

3 subsystems of CR

A

Mechanical drive system
Optical beam shaping
Collecting system

37
Q

How is ghosting reduced??

A

Additional erasing in the CR reader!

38
Q

Whats the difference, if any-of prompt emission and stimulating emission??

A

They have the same wavelength

39
Q

How is the latent image made visible on CR??

A

By stimulating the metastable electrons with an intense beam of laser light!!

40
Q

What does the activator eU do to electrons??

A

It is responsible for trapping electrons in a metastable state.

41
Q

What is the parallex effect??

Image edges that are out of tolerance are called??

A

Penumbra

Wavy

42
Q

4 characteristic of any medical image

A

Spatial resolution
Contrast resolution
Noise
Artifacts

43
Q

How many levels of gray does CR have?

Old film have?

A

100,000 shades

30 shades

44
Q

Cr image contrast is _________

Regardless the radiation exposure

A

Constant!

45
Q

What is SPR??

A

Scanned projection radiography

Which is the use of a fan X-ray beam to form a radiograph

46
Q

What is amorphous?

What is spatial resolution ?

A

Not crystalline in form., rather a paint of crystals

Ability to render very small high density objects visible on image

47
Q

Where is fan X-ray beam used??

A

In CT and SPR

48
Q

A solid state system that converts light to electrical signal w high resolution

A

Charge-couple device

49
Q

What do scintillation phosphors do??

A

Phosphors such as (NaI, CSI) Emit light in response to X-ray

50
Q

DMIST??

A

Associated with American college of radiology to see if mammography was equal to screen film

51
Q

Dynamic range ?

Several projection radiographs from different angles in digital form ??

A

The number of grey levels on image

Tomosynthesis

52
Q

How does pixel size incCCD DR compare of other DRs??

A

CCD is smaller pixels

53
Q

Why is fill factor important??

A

In DR, the smaller the pixel, the less fill factor..

Low fill factor = higher patient dose

54
Q

What is sensitivity in DR??

A

Is how low an X-ray intensity can be detected for imaging

55
Q

What are the stages for a-Se based DR of the following:

Capture=
Coupling=
Collection=

A

Selenium
Selenium
Thin film transistor

56
Q

What does the coupling element do??

A

Transfers the X-ray generated signal to collection element

57
Q

What is a collection element ??

A

May be a photodiode, a CCD, or thin film transistor

58
Q

BUS stands for ?

A

Th Connector OR electrical conductor

Between the CPU and ALU

59
Q

1/2 byte =

Two words=

A

Nibble

Chomp

60
Q

What is DICOM??

A

Digital imaging and communications in medicine

Standard method in image storage!

61
Q

Th most popular programming language and is a high level general purpose program

A

PASCAL

62
Q

5x faster than the basic modems

A

ISDN

63
Q

What is CRT??

A

Cathode ray tube — vacuum tube in computers

64
Q

________ scan is vertical on IP

__________ scan is horizontal on IP

A

Slow

Fast

65
Q

What is the source is stimulating light for CR ??

A

The laser

66
Q

X-rays interact with _____ and form the latent image by exciting electrons into a higher metastable state.

A

SPS

67
Q

What is a collection element ?

A

May be a photodiode, ccd, or thin film transistor (TFT)

68
Q

How much percentage is fill factor ??

A

80%

69
Q

In direct DR, no scintillation phosphor is involved.

True or false

A

True

70
Q

What is both the capture element and coupling element in DR ??

A

A-Se

Amorphous selenium

71
Q

What does a thin film transistor do??

What is a charge coupling device ?

A

Collect electrons

Light sensitive pixel element

Radiology Bushong (11 decks)

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