ch 14-16 Flashcards by Michelle Niewinski

Decision making of the CPU;

Evaluated an immediate response

Logic function

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The microprocessor of the computer

Is the CPU (central processing unit)

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A device that demonstrates signals to convert digital to analog through a phone line

Modem

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Device used to produce alphanumeric characters

Character generator

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A string of 8 bits

A Byte

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The computer program that organizes the course of data thru computer such as DOS, Windows, MAC)

Operating system

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An initial program to wake up the computer (power on)

Bootstrap!

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Specific computational program or formulas and equations

Algorithms

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Early mathematic computer program. That Microsoft developed into a powerful programming language

BASIC

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Data to be accessed at random from anywhere

RAM

Random access memory

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Hardware vs software

Hardware you can see(nuts n bolts of computer) software are the programs that operate the computer

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Kinds of hardware

Input output divides, memory sticks, microprocessor

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A single binary digit

8 bits

2 bytes

Binary

Byte

Word

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____________ runs the computer

______________ runs the data.

System software

Application programs

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What computer language was the 1st successful computer language ?

FORTRAN

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What is teleradiology

Practice where radiologists remotely read exam results

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What is one kB (kilobyte)

1024 bytes

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A photostimulable phosphor (PSP) bound in a cassette is an image receptor

Imaging plate

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What is used as the activator in a photostimlable phosphor? Or latent image center in CR

Eu) europium

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The time varying analog signal from the photodetector is processed and digitized with attenuation by

Signal sampling

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An electron excited energy state beyond its normal orbital state

Metastable electron

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A broad spectrum of wavelengths (colors) of visible light

Polychromatic

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The rapid manner in which the laser beam is swept across the imaging plate

Fast scan

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Electrons raised to an exited state by X-ray exposure return to ground state with an immediate emission of light

Prompt emission

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A phosphor barium flourohalide, where electrons are not released to the ground state until light is emitted.

Storage phosphor

The white appearance of phosphor particles bcuz of their small size

Turbid

A silicon solid state device sensitive to light. | Which converts light into electrical signal !!

Photodiode

How is the latent image formed in CR

Electrons are energized by X-ray interaction into excited metastable energy state.

What causes the phitostimulable phosphor plate to appear turbid??

The small size of crystals causing them to scatter incident light

How do we reduce backscatter in CR ?

The imaging plate is backed with Lead to absorb the scatter radiation. Which causes noise on the image

What are the colors for Emitted light? Stimulating light?

``` Emitting= blue/green Stimulating = red/orange ```

What is the purpose of an optical filter positioned before the photodetector ??

To absorb any scattered long wavelength laser light !!

What is slow scan??

The mechanical drive of the imaging plate through the reader

What is a buffer??

A temporary storage place (usually a hard disk)

Why is beam shaping required for laser beam ??

To ensure the beam interacts with the IP, it remains as a circle, not to distort into an ellipse

3 subsystems of CR

Mechanical drive system Optical beam shaping Collecting system

How is ghosting reduced??

Additional erasing in the CR reader!

Whats the difference, if any-of prompt emission and stimulating emission??

They have the same wavelength

How is the latent image made visible on CR??

By stimulating the metastable electrons with an intense beam of laser light!!

What does the activator eU do to electrons??

It is responsible for trapping electrons in a metastable state.

What is the parallex effect?? | Image edges that are out of tolerance are called??

Penumbra Wavy

4 characteristic of any medical image

Spatial resolution Contrast resolution Noise Artifacts

How many levels of gray does CR have? | Old film have?

100,000 shades | 30 shades

Cr image contrast is _________ | Regardless the radiation exposure

Constant!

What is SPR??

Scanned projection radiography | Which is the use of a fan X-ray beam to form a radiograph

What is amorphous? What is spatial resolution ?

Not crystalline in form., rather a paint of crystals Ability to render very small high density objects visible on image

Where is fan X-ray beam used??

In CT and SPR

A solid state system that converts light to electrical signal w high resolution

Charge-couple device

What do scintillation phosphors do??

Phosphors such as (NaI, CSI) Emit light in response to X-ray

DMIST??

Associated with American college of radiology to see if mammography was equal to screen film

Dynamic range ? | Several projection radiographs from different angles in digital form ??

The number of grey levels on image Tomosynthesis

How does pixel size incCCD DR compare of other DRs??

CCD is smaller pixels

Why is fill factor important??

In DR, the smaller the pixel, the less fill factor.. | Low fill factor = higher patient dose

What is sensitivity in DR??

Is how low an X-ray intensity can be detected for imaging

What are the stages for a-Se based DR of the following: Capture= Coupling= Collection=

Selenium Selenium Thin film transistor

What does the coupling element do??

Transfers the X-ray generated signal to collection element

What is a collection element ??

May be a photodiode, a CCD, or thin film transistor

BUS stands for ?

Th Connector OR electrical conductor | Between the CPU and ALU

1/2 byte = Two words=

Nibble Chomp

What is DICOM??

Digital imaging and communications in medicine Standard method in image storage!

Th most popular programming language and is a high level general purpose program

PASCAL

5x faster than the basic modems

ISDN

What is CRT??

Cathode ray tube — vacuum tube in computers

________ scan is vertical on IP | __________ scan is horizontal on IP

Slow Fast

What is the source is stimulating light for CR ??

The laser

X-rays interact with _____ and form the latent image by exciting electrons into a higher metastable state.

SPS

What is a collection element ?

May be a photodiode, ccd, or thin film transistor (TFT)

How much percentage is fill factor ??

80%

In direct DR, no scintillation phosphor is involved. True or false

True

What is both the capture element and coupling element in DR ??

A-Se | Amorphous selenium

What does a thin film transistor do?? | What is a charge coupling device ?

Collect electrons Light sensitive pixel element