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Radiology Bushong > Ch 12 Test 1 spring semester > Flashcards

Ch 12 Test 1 spring semester Flashcards

1
Q

Two parts of radiographic film?

A

Base

Emulsion

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2
Q

The medium that converts the X-ray beam into a visible image

A

The image Receptor IR

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3
Q

What does emulsion consist of?

A

Gelatin and silver halide crystals

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4
Q

Photoelectrons and silver ions are attracted to these sensitivity centers to form ?

A

The latent image center

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5
Q

The size and distribution of silver halide crystals effect what ?

A

The film speed

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6
Q

What happens when light crosses over the base in the image intensifying screen?

A

Increased blurring in the image

But images are more blurred than without the screens

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7
Q

What is a safelight ?

A

A light for the Lightroom to provide enough light to illuminate the room without damaging the film

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8
Q

The use of intensifying screens with film allows for what?

A

Reduced technique=reduced patient dose

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9
Q

The silver bromine and iodine atoms are fixed together to form?

A

Crystal lattice on ion form

Silver is positive
Bromine and iodide are negative

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10
Q

An atom that has too many or too few electrons and therefore has an electron charge

A

An Ion

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11
Q

The group of silver atoms;

Where visible quantities of silver form during film processing to create the image

A

Latent image center

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12
Q

A device that converts energy of the X-ray beam into visible light

A

The intensifying screen

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13
Q

THe active layer of the intensifying screen

A

The phosphor

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14
Q

Converts X-ray beam into light

A

The Phosphor

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15
Q

The layer farthest from the radiographic film

A

The base

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16
Q

The emitted visible light

A

Luminescence

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17
Q

The wavelength of the emitted light is determined by

A

The level of excitation of the electron

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18
Q

During stimulation:
(X-rays)
after stimulation:
Flouro)

A

Fluorescence

Phosphorescence

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19
Q

Is on the base of the film to act as a mirror

A

Reflective layer

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20
Q

This occurs on our image with too little mAs

A

Quantum mottle

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20
Q

Increasing screen speed; causes more light.. thus giving our patient ??

A

Less patient dose!!

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21
Q

What reduces optical density in screen film?

A

Spectral matching

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22
Q

The use of screens- increase tube life but then reduces?

A

Patient dose

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23
Q

With fog, our geometric detail stays the same but our visual detail goes?

A

Down!! Because we have more density(the whole film is a different shade of grey)

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24
Q

Contrast resolution is determined by ?

A

Tissue absorption

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25
Q

Increased film speed, results in lower?

A

Detail.

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26
Q

Where do we see carbon fiber used in the radiology room?

A

On the table(couch)

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27
Q

What is the efficiency of rare earth screens vs calcium tungstate??

A

Rare earth is 20%

Calcium tungstate is 5%

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28
Q

The thickness of the crystals on the emulsion can affect what?

A

The film speed!

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29
Q

Double emulsion film can increase ?

A

Speed

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30
Q

After exposure to light(X-rays), the film becomes more ?

A

Sensitive

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31
Q

The conductor of heat on the tube is the ?

A

Anode

32
Q

The source of electrons come from where in the tube ?

A

The filament which is in the cathode

33
Q

The removal of an electron from an atom

A

Ionization

34
Q

The energy of motion

A

Kinetic energy

35
Q

The type of energy used in X-ray?

A

Electromagnetic energy

36
Q

Energy emitted and transferred through space

A

Radiation!!

37
Q

The orbital electron and the atom from which it separated is called?

A

Ion pair

And we measure these with a dosimeter :)

38
Q

Gamma rays are from

X-rays are from

A

The nucleus

Electron cloud

39
Q

Cosmic rays come from

Terrestrial rays come from

A

Sun and stars

Deposits of uranium radionuclides on earth

40
Q

Barium platinocyanide is used in

A

Flouro!

41
Q

When did Roentgen discovered X-rays

A

Nov 8, 1895

42
Q

Standard units of measure

A

Mass length time

43
Q

The subunit for exposure is??

The subunit for absorbed dose and effective dose ?

A

Air Kerma /coulomb

Joule (gray vs sievert)

44
Q

Why is the K shell the only shell in Radiation X-rays?

A

Because of its binding energy!!

Occupies only 2 electrons in its shell

45
Q

Same atomic # but different mass

Same atomic #, same mass

A

Isotopes

Isomers

46
Q

What is the symbol for the atomic #

A

Z

Symbolizes #s of protons

47
Q

Two main types of particulate radiation?

A

Alpha and Beta
Alpha is heavy!
Beta electron emitted from the nucleus

48
Q

The non ionizing radiation used is?

A

MRI and ultrasound

49
Q

Have no mass and no charge??

A

Photons!!

50
Q

The unit for frequency?

A

Hertz (Hz)

51
Q

Th speed of light =

A

Velocity

52
Q

Two types of invisible light emitted by the sun?

A

Infrared

Ultraviolet

53
Q

The only difference between X-rays and gamma rays?

A

Their origin

54
Q

Inverse square law

A

Used to calculate amount of intensity of X-ray by increasing or decreasing distance

55
Q

Radiopaque

Radiolucent

A

Total absorption (only bone)

Attenuation (bone muscle air)

56
Q

What is the heel effect??

A

More #s of electrons exist on the cathode side bcuz that’s where the X-rays are created.
The anode side of the tube has less X-rays so you need to place the thicker body part on the cathode side.

57
Q

3 types of electromagnetic energy?

A

X-rays
Visible light
Radiofrequencies

58
Q

Unlike charges attract, while like charges repel

A

Electrostatic force

59
Q

AC vs DC

A

Ac-back and forth electron flow
DC-electron flow in one direction

(Thus the transformer to change AC to DC)

60
Q

Circuits -
Parallel vs series

Solenoid-

A

Parallel- new Xmas lights
Series-old xmas lights

A coil of wire

61
Q

Silver ion crystals are converted to atomic silver

A

Film processing

62
Q

Latent image is converted to visible image

A

Developing

63
Q

Removes silver halide from emulsion and hardens the gelatin

A

Fixing

64
Q

The wetting and stop bath are both not included in

A

Autoprocessing

65
Q

Reducing a silver ion to matallic silver is called?

A

The reducing agent

66
Q

Th action when 2 agents work better together than alone is called?

A

Synergism

67
Q

The amount of Time it takes to process manually vs autoprocess?

A

1 hour manually

90 seconds auto

68
Q

What is a preservative used for?

A

It is in the developer to keep it clear and to control the oxidation in the developer

69
Q

The lack of sufficient glutaraldahyde (the hardener) May be the biggest problem with

A

the auto processor

70
Q

Film development has 3 characteristics which of are very important:

A

Time
Temp
concentration

71
Q

The temperature in the developer is ?

N wash water?

A

95*

And in wash water 5*

72
Q

Inadequate washing leads to what in the film?

A

Fading and browning

Aka (hypo retention)

73
Q

What stops the electrons?? As energy is released n produces X-rays?

A

The anode (aka target)

74
Q

What are the crossover racks in the processor?

A

Transports the film to one step to th next step (buckets)

75
Q

The fixing agent removes what?

A

Undeveloped silver ions

76
Q

The activator does what?

A

It’s made of acetic acid and neutralizes the developer and stops its action

77
Q

The purpose of the autotransformer?

A

To select KvP,
One winding, one core
Serves as both primary and secondary coils

78
Q

The binding energy to an electron to a nucleus is higher for a _______ shell than an M shell

A

L shell

Radiology Bushong (11 decks)

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