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Western Civilization > FINAL Review > Flashcards

FINAL Review Flashcards

1
Q

Michaelangelo

A

One of his greatest paintings was the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome -depicted figures from the Bible and showed Renaissances optimism which celebrated the glory of humanity
Sculpture of David- shows realistic style of the time

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2
Q

Machiavelli

A

Wrote a guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain power -The Prince
Urged rulers to use whatever methods necessary to achieve their goals
He was amoral but realistic
“The end justifies the means”
“Might makes right”

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3
Q

Humanism

A

Intellectual movement that believed education should stimulate the individual’s creative powers
Emphasized the individual

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4
Q

Vernacular

A

The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region

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5
Q

The Renaissance

A

Began in Italy
Time of rebirth (of Greek and roman influence)
People were well rounded
The individual person was emphasized
The arts were commissioned by wealthy merchants

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6
Q

Dante

A

Italian writer

Wrote Divine Comedy

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7
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

Time when people questioned and challenged authority of the Church especially and focused on facts and evidence, not faith

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8
Q

Astrolabe

A

Instrument used to determine the altitude of the sun or other celestial bodies

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9
Q

Heliocentric theory

A

The sun is at the center of the universe

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10
Q

Geocentric theory

A

Theory that the earth is at the center of the universe

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11
Q

Copernicus

A

Proposed heliocentric theory through calculations and study

Published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”

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12
Q

Galileo

A

Wrote “Heresies”
Supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory with his telescopic observations
Discoveries caused an uproar and the Church condemned him

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13
Q

Martin Luther

A

Monk and professor of theology
Posted the 95 theses
Began the Protestant reformation
And began a new religion- Protestant

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14
Q

Indulgences

A

Things the Church sold to people as a way of “forgiving” their sins
Lessened the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory
Church took the money and put it into building grand new churches and things

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15
Q

95 Theses

A

Posted by Martin Luther on the doors of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church
Protested the indulgences

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16
Q

Diet of Worms

A

Meeting Luther was called to in the city of Worms to face charges against him
He was asked to recant his reforms, he refused, was excommunicated and exiled

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17
Q

John Calvin

A

Believed in predestination: the idea that long ago god had decided who was being saved or going to hell
From Geneva
Calvinists were serious people who had no room for fun; worked hard and believed it was important to read and write in order to understand the Bible

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18
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A

Agreement that allowed each prince to decide which religion would be allowed in his lands

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19
Q

Henry VIII

A

Wanted an annulment for his marriage because his wife couldn’t bear a son
Needed up splitting with the Church and getting a divorce

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20
Q

Tudor dynasty

A

16th century

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21
Q

Anne Boleyn

A

Henry VIII second wife

Mother of Elizabeth who would one day be Queen of England

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22
Q

Queen Elizabeth I

A 
Slowly enforced a series of reforms 
Compromises between Protestants and Catholics which satisfied both
Long reign 
Used skills to restore England
Firmly Protestant
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23
Q

Philip II

A

King of Spain in late 16th century
Expanded Spanish influence, strengthened the Catholic Church, gave himself absolute power
Believed his power came from God
Devoutly catholic
Defended the catholic reformation
Ordered the Spanish Armada against England which failed

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24
Q

The Spanish Armada

A

Fleet that’s goal was to invade England because was against Queen Elisabeth, who was firmly Protestant
Failed because got trapped in the English Channel and the smaller faster English boats destroyed them

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25
Q

Huguenots

A

French Protestants

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26
Q

Cardinal Richelieu

A

Chief minister of France appointed in 1624
Powerful
Ruled in the name of young Louis XIII
Strengthened central government
Destroyed Huguenot power but allowed them to keep their religion

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27
Q

Thirty Years War

A 
Series of wars lasting 30 years within the Holy Roman Empire (which was a lost alliance of hundreds of separate states)
Religion divided them
Hired mercenaries
Terrible loss of life
HRE became even more fragmented
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28
Q

Council of Trent

A

Called in 1545 by the pope and started the Catholic Reformation
Abolished nepotism (when a family member is favored over someone else in the work place)
Got rid of simony (sale) of church office
Got ride of selling indulgences
Declared that salvation came through faith and good works
Said the bible was not the only source, but the most important one

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29
Q

Church of England

A

Anglicans

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30
Q

Puritans

A

Dissenters in England who were a group that sought to purify the Church of England

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31
Q

King James Version of the Bible

A

Translated the bible from Latin into English

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32
Q

English Civil war

A

From 1642 to 1651
Cavaliers (supporters of Charles I) vs Roundheads (parliaments forces)
Roundheads lead by. Oliver Cromwell
Cromwell led the to victory

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33
Q

Cavaliers

A

Nobility who followed Charles I

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34
Q

Roundheads

A

Gentry (middle class) who followed Parliament and Cromwell

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35
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

Brilliant General for the. Roundheads

Founded the Commonwealth after he won the war

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36
Q

The Restoration

A

After the commonwealth, parliament invited Charles II to return from exile and restored a monarch to the throne
Charles II headed parliament

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37
Q

William and Mary

A

Invited to sit on the throne of England after the Glorious revolution and parliament had them sign the English bill of rights

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38
Q

Glorious Revolution

A

The peaceful overthrow of King James who fled

Bloodless revolution

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39
Q

Stuart dynasty

A

James I
Charles I
Charles II
James II

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40
Q

Whigs and Tories

A

Political parties that emerged in England after the English. Bill of Rights was signed

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41
Q

English Bill of Rights

A

Ensured the superiority of Parliament over the monarchy

Limited the power of the monarch

42
Q

Constitutional monarchy

A

Monarchy controlled by parliament

43
Q

Habeas corpus

A

Principle of law that states that you must have evidence to make a conviction , must have due cause

44
Q

John Locke

A

Advocated natural rights
Right to life liberty and property
Rejected absolute monarchy
Said people had a right to overthrow the government if it was unsatisfactory

45
Q

Age of exploration :Prince Henry of Portugal

A

Sponsored exploration

The search for spices and a quick trade route to Asia

46
Q

Treaty of Tordesillas

A

Pope set up a Line of Demarcation that divided the non European world into two zones
Portugal had trading and exploring rights east of the line
Spain had the same rights west of it

47
Q

Vasco de Gama

A

Lead four ships around the cape of Good Hope
Reached spice port of Calicut
Opened up spice trade with Asia
Portugal confirmed as a world power

48
Q

Dias

A

Rounded the tip of Africa first
Cape of Good Hope
Stopped their and turned around

49
Q

Columbus

A

Sailed west to reach the east
Didn’t know that there was a continent in his way
Underestimated the size of the globe

50
Q

Johan Guttenburg

A

Invented the very influential and needed printing press

51
Q

Louis XIV (bourbon dynasty)

A

Took the French throne basically after Cardinal Richelieu
Had total absolute power
Sun was the symbol of his power
Didn’t call the Estates General

52
Q

“L’etat, c’est moi”

A

Said by King Louis XIV

53
Q

Versailles estates general

A

Versailles was the symbol of the French King powers

Estates General not called for 175 years

54
Q

Absolutism

A

the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.

55
Q

Mercantilism

A

Policy where government regulated economy

56
Q

Peter the Great

A

Modernized Russia
Policy of westernization
Become an autocrat (ruled with unlimited authority)
Built st Petersburg

57
Q

St. Petersburg

A

Window to the west
Port accessible 8 out of 12 months of the year
new capital

58
Q

Westernization of Russia

A

Forced the boyars into submission
Made them cut their beards
Adopted mercantilist policies
Brought back western ideas, technology and culture

59
Q

Romanov dynasty

A

Pete the great belonged to it

60
Q

Eastern Orthodox religion

A

Religion of Russia

61
Q

Cyrillic alphabet

A

Russian alphabet

62
Q

Hohenzollern dynasty

A

Prussia

63
Q

Frederick the Great

A

King of Prussia
After gaining the throne started a the War or Austrian Succession
Earned him the name Frederick the great

64
Q

Prussian army

A

Excellent army

65
Q

Partition of Poland

A

Russia , Austria, and Prussia all wanted Poland which had no natural boundaries so was open to attack
Each got a piece until Poland disappeared from the map

66
Q

Maria Theresa of Austria

A

Hapsburg Dynasty

67
Q

Age of reason (Enlightenment)

A

A way of thinking that was free from prejudice

68
Q

Philosophes

A

French word for philosopher

Groups of influential thinkers

69
Q

Voltaire

A

Defended freedom of thought
“I do not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”
Fought prejudice ignorance corruption and superstition

70
Q

Rousseau

A

Promoted the social contract

Beloved in natural innocence corrupted by the evils of society

71
Q

French Revolution

A

Triggered by dissection among the people, deficits spending, wars, and income inequality

72
Q

Estates general

A

Had not been called in France for 175
Louis XVI called it in 1789
Started the French Revolution

73
Q

First estate

A

Clergy

74
Q

Second estate

A

Nobility

75
Q

Third estate

A

Majority of population

Regular people

76
Q

National Assembly

A 
Made up of the third estate
Tennis court oath
Wrote a Declaration of the Rights of Man
Took over the lands of the Catholic Church and sold them
Started to write a constitution
77
Q

Bastille

A

Medieval fortress in Paris that was attacked by the Parisians

78
Q

July 14

A

Bastille day

79
Q

Reign of Terror

A

Led by Robespierre
Guillotine was the symbol of horror
Killed people without trial

80
Q

Robespierre

A

Shrewd and dedicated to rebellion

Leader of the National Convention during the Reign of terror

81
Q

Liberty fraternity equality

A

Slogan of the French Revolution

82
Q

Declaration of the rights of Man

A

Written by the. National Assembly
Upheld natural rights
All men equal before the law
Freedom of religion

83
Q

Napoleon

A

Took power in France and became military leader and leader of France
Brilliant general

84
Q

Battle of Trafalgar

A

1805 naval battle between French and English
Horatio Nelson commander for English
Beat the French
Showed that the English could stop an invasion

85
Q

Battle of Waterloo

A

Napoleons final defeat
Crushed by duke of Wellington
Exiled

86
Q

Coup d’etat

A

An overthrow of a government usually by the military

87
Q

Rosetta Stone

A

Found by Napoleon during his rule and held the key to unlocking the Egyptian hieroglyphics

88
Q

Able was I ere I saw Elba

A

Napoleon

Palindrome

89
Q

Napoleons code

A

Code of laws made by Napoleon
Embodied enlightenment ideas such as equality of citizens before the law, religious toleration, and the abolition of feudalism

90
Q

Prince Metternich

A

Was conservative

Wanted to turn back to absolute monarchy

91
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

European states met after Napoleons exile to restore Europe after years of war

92
Q

Radical

A

Ready to do anything for change

93
Q

Agricultural revolution

A

Improved quality and quantity of farm products

More food equaled bigger population as fewer people died from starvation

94
Q

Crop rotation

A

Three fields
2 out of 3 are used and it switches every year
To restore the soil

95
Q

Enclosure movement

A

The process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers
Forced many small farmers to go to the cities

96
Q

Steam power

A

Opened the door to operating machinery and locomotives and steamships

97
Q

Components of an Industrial revolution

A 
Work force
Money
Waterways 
Stable government 
Entrepreneurs 
New inventions 
Etc,
98
Q

Capitalism

A

Country’s trade controlled by private owners for profit rather than by the state

99
Q

Adam smith

A

First introduced Laissez faire economics

100
Q

Karl Marx

A

Wrote the Communism Manifesto
Predicts the rise of communism
Class struggle between the proletariat and bourgeoisie
“Workers of the world unite you have nothing to lose but your chains
“From each according to his means, to each according to his needs

101
Q

Communism

A

Rule by a dictator where society is equal

102
Q

Après moi, le deluge

A

Said by a French King

Western Civilization (18 decks)

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