Final Review Flashcards
TorF: viruses can only replicate in the nucleus
false, can also replicate in cytoplasm
During the lytic cycle, ribosomes are responsible for
translating viral info into proteins
a _____ initiates the continuation of the lytic cycle by exiting the bacterial chromosome
prophage
The ____ immune response has a quicker response than ___
innate quicker than adaptive
Goblet cells are part of ____ immunity and produce
innate
mucus
Neutrophils ___ while macrophages ____
trap, engulf
Natural killer cells are part of the ___ immune system and
innate
circulate through the body and
detect the abnormal surface proteins found on some
virus-infected and cancerous
cells. Natural killer cells do not
engulf stricken cells. Instead,
they release chemicals that lead
to cell death, inhibiting spread
of the virus or cancer.
The local inflammatory response begins when
activated macrophages discharge cytokines, signaling molecules that recruit neutrophils to the site of injury or infection. In addition,
mast cells release histamine at sites
of damage.
When histamine is released by mast cells during the local inflammatory response, it
triggers nearby blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable, resulting in redness and increased skin temperature
Describe the middle of the local inflammatory response.
Activated complement proteins..
Enhanced blood flow to the site….
resulting in…
cycles of signaling and response continue inflammation.
Activated complement proteins promote further histamine release, attracting more phagocytic cells to
the site of injury and infection
enhanced blood flow to the site helps deliver antimicrobial peptides
accumulation of pus
A given lymphocyte will contain ___ type of antigen receptor
one
An epitope is
an accessible portion of an antigen that binds to a lymphocyte’s antigen receptor
The MHC molecule can best be defined as
The host protein that displays
the antigen fragment on the cell surface for a T cell receptor to bind to
basically T cells need someone to present to them, B cells can bind to fragments or epitopes of antigens
Compare B cell effector cells to T cell effector forms
B cell: plasma cells which secrete antibodies
T cell: helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
Compare the humoral immune response and cell-mediated immune response, both of which are part of ___ immunity
adaptive
The humoral immune response pro-
tects the blood and lymph through antibodies which help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in body fluids.
In the cell-mediated
immune response, specialized T cells destroy infected host
cells.
Like immune cells, infected cells can display foreign
antigens on their surface. What then distinguishes antigen-
presenting cells from infected cells?
Most body cells
have only the class I MHC molecules, but antigen-presenting
cells have both class I and class II MHC molecules. The class
II molecules provide a molecular signature by which an
antigen-presenting cell is recognized
To become active, cytotoxic T cells require
signals from helper T cells and interaction with an antigen-presenting cell
CD8 cells are responsible for ___
while CD4 cells are responsible for___
CD8 checks for infection in nucleated cells presented by MHC 1 complexes
CD4 is presented with phagocytosed pathogens from APCs
Compare MHC1 to MHC2
MHC I - a complex that is present on the surface of ALL nucleated cells in mammals. Nucleated cells are required to present samples of the proteins they are producing in their MHC I complexes. This presentation allows our cells to be checked for infection by CD8 T cells.
● MHC II - a complex that is only present on phagocytic cells, which are also referred to as APCs or “professional antigen
presenting cells”. APCʼs travel throughout the lymphatic system presenting samples of the
pathogens they have phagocytosed to CD4 T cells
There is a high Ca2+ contant in
ECM, mitochondria, and ER
Polypeptides are ___ soluble, Steroids are ____ soluble, amines are ___
polypeptides are water soluble
steroids are lipid soluble
amines are both
Tropic hormones affect… and non tropic affect ….
tropic: affect endocrine glands
non tropic: non endocrine glands
As blood Ca2+ falls, the Parathyroid gland…
releases PTH, which stimulates calcium reuptake
MSH is released by the ____ pituitary and responsible for
anterior pituitary
hunger, metabolism, color
MPF is made up of ___ and _____
cyclin and CDK
When does cyclin concentration increase?
before each checkpoint so it can form MPF with CDK
vEGF is responsible for
allows endothelial cells to grow, angiogenic protein
Tumor suppressor genes experience ___ of function after _____ mutations
loss of function
two
proto oncogenes experience ___ of function after ___ mutations
gain of function
one`
The partial pressure of oxygen in water is ___ than in blood, allowing for
higher
diffusion
The order of the respiratory structures is
nasal cavity–> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchus –> bronchiole —> alveoli
Explain the importance of surfactant in alveoli
allows H bonds to be disrupted while alveolus remains inflated
Mammals use ___ pressure breathing
negative
On inspiration, the diaphragm moves ___ and respiratory muscles ___, causing air to rush into the airways.
down
contract
As pressure gets negative, the diaphragm moves ____
down
Lung volume decreases as pressure becomes less ____
negative
Explain the Bohr effect
The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen depends on the partial pressure of oxygen
In alveoli, partial pressure of oxygen is high, so hemoglobin has a high affinity
Partial pressure decreases as its further from lungs
If hemoglobin passes through active tissue, it has less affinity so even more oxygen molecules unload
This also increases the partial pressure of CO2 (causes affinity of hemoglobin to decrease)
Tidal volume is…
the volume of air in/exhaled with each breath
Vital capacity is…
the tidal volume during maximum in/exhalation
ADH is produced by the ___ pituitary in response to _____
posterior
increase in osmolarity
RAAS is ___ to ADH.
antagonistic
When the ____ gland releases aldosterone, arterioles ___ and BP ____
adrenal
constrict, rises
RAAS stimulates ___ re absorption, while ADH stimulates ____ re absorption
Na+
H2O
NaCl is ___ in the thick portion of the ascending loof of Henle, compared to the thin where it is
actively transported in the thick
diffused in the thin
Describe the process of Oogensis
- oogonia arise from germ cells
- divide via mitosis to form cells that begin meiosis, but STOP at prophase I before birth
- oocytes reside in follicle
Describe process of spermatogenesis
- stem cells outside semiferous tubules
- sperm released into lumen
- sperm become mobile in epididymis
At the beginning of the ovarian cycle, FSH and LH make
estradiol
FSH and LH are produced by the ___ pituitary, which is stimulated by ____ hormone from the ____ during the beginning of the ovarian phase
anterior
GnRH
Hypothalamus
During the ovarian follicular phase…
estradiol signals for the endometrium to thicken
During the uterine proliferative phase…
uterus is stimulated to prepare for support of embryo
During the luteal ovarian phase, LH….
stimulates progesterone to stimulate the follicular tissue to form corpus lutuem
The corpus luteum is ….
it is composed of….
It degrades…
a temporary collection of cells that forms on your ovary each menstrual cycle if you’re still getting a menstrual period
composed of follicular cells
degrades about ten days after ovulation
in pregnancy, hCG
stimulates the corpus luteum to make progesterone during the first trimester
During depolarization, there is a flow of Na+ ___ the neuron
into
During repolarization, there is a ___ of Na+ channels and an ___ of K+
closure
opening
During hyperpolarization, voltage gated K+ ___ after potential is reset
open
Describe the hormone cascade pathway
T3 and T4 decrease
Hypothalamus detects change
Secretes TRH
AP secretes TSH
TSH secretes T3 and T4
Increase in metabolic rate
The hypothalamus regulates the ___ pituitary
anterior
Viviparous animals undergo _____ fertilization and embryo develops ____ the mother
internal
inside
Ovoviviparous animals develop ____ that remain in the mothers body until they are ready to hatch
eggs
Oviparous animals lay ___
eggs
Net filtration pressure is calculated by
glomural blood - (capsular + blood colloid)
Net filtration pressure can be defined as
pressure of fluid across glomurelus
Astrocytes are
a type of glial cells the make up majority of CNS`
How do oligodendrocytes differ from astrocytes
used for myelin synthesis
