Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular diversity of life

Question 1

Structural isomers differ by:

Answer 1

covalent arrangement of their atoms

Question 2

geometric isomers differ by

Answer 2

the spatial arrangements of their bonds

Question 3

Estradiol and testosterone differ because

Answer 3

estradiol: one hydroxyl and one less methyl
test: one ketone and one extra methyl

Question 4

Describe the chemical formula, polarity, function, and cmpd name of hydroxyl groups

Answer 4

chemical formula: -OH
polarity: polar
function: hydrogen bonds w water, helps dissolve sugars
cmpd name: alcohol

Question 5

Describe the chemical formula, polarity, function, and cmpd name of carbonyl groups

Answer 5

chemical formula: >C=O
polarity: polar
function: destabilizes bonds within carbon chain
cmpd name: ketone (within carbon skeleton) or aldehyde (carbonyl group at end of skeleton)

Question 6

Describe the chemical formula, polarity, function, and cmpd name of carboxyl groups

Answer 6

chemical formula: -COOH
polarity: yes
function: acts an acid (donates H+) bc covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar
cmpd name: carboxylic acid or organic acid

Question 7

Describe the chemical formula, polarity, function, and cmpd name of amino groups

Answer 7

chemical formula: -NH2
polarity: nonpolar
function: acts as a base, can pick up H+ from surrounding solution
cmpd name: amine

Question 8

Describe the chemical formula, polarity, function, and cmpd name of sulfhydryl group

Answer 8

chemical formula: -SH
polarity: nonpolar
function: two SH groups can react form a “cross-link” that stabilizes protein structure
cmpd name: Thiol

Question 9

Describe the chemical formula, polarity, function, and cmpd name of phosphate group

Answer 9

chemical formula: -OPO3^2-
polarity: polar
function: contributes negative charge. when attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react w water, releasing energy
cmpd name: organic phosphate

Question 10

Describe the chemical formula, polarity, function, and cmpd name of methyl groups

Answer 10

chemical formula: -CH3
polarity: non polar
function: affects expression of genes, affects shape and function of XY and XX sex hormones
cmpd name: methylated cmpd

Question 11

Describe what occurs when ATP reacts w H2O

Answer 11

ADP + inorganic phosphate + energy