Final Review

Question 1

3 domains of life

Answer 1

• bacteria
• archaea
• eukarya

Question 2

eukarya kingdoms (4)

Answer 2

• fungi
• plants
• animal
• protists

Question 3

what is the difference between bacteria and archaea compared to eukarya ?

Answer 3

they are prokaryotes
- do not have membrane bound organelles
- protists only eukarya exception

Question 4

difference between independent / dependent variable ?

Answer 4

independent = x-axis
- what is being intentionally changed
dependent = y-axis
- independent influences dependent outcome

Question 5

difference between continuous vs. discrete data ?

Answer 5

continuous = line graph
- infinite # of points
discrete = bar graph
- different labeled sections, order doesn’t matter

Question 6

what is an experimental control ?

Answer 6

what is being held constant through out the entire experiment
- room temp, environment, etc.

Question 7

correlation vs. causation

Answer 7

correlation doesn’t ALWAYS = causation
- need to rule out other extraneous factors that can influence causation
- health, socioeconomic status, etc.

Question 8

process of evolution by natural selection

Answer 8

organisms evolve in order to avoid natural selection
- traits more suited for environment = higher fitness
- traits less suited for environment = higher chance of dying / victim of natural selection

Question 9

fitness of an organism

Answer 9

higher fitness = higher chance of pass on traits

Question 10

what is an element ?

Answer 10

pure substance that has no additives
- only hydrogen (H), only carbon (C)

Question 11

what is a compound ?

Answer 11

substance made up of 2 or more elements
- O2, O=O, oxygen; H2O, H-O-H, water

Question 12

what is an atom ?

Answer 12

basic unit of all chemical stuff
- makes up all substances

Question 13

valence electrons

Answer 13

electrons on the outermost shell of an atom

Question 14

electrons

Answer 14

negative charge
- found in electron cloud
- minuscule / no mass

Question 15

protons

Answer 15

positive charge
- found in nucleus

Question 16

neutrons

Answer 16

neutral charge
- found in nucleus

Question 17

atomic mass of an atom

Answer 17

sum of protons and neutrons

Question 18

atomic charge

Answer 18

sum of protons and electrons

Question 19

what are isotopes ?

Answer 19

same element but w/ different # of neutrons
- same element w/ different atomic mass
- C-13 vs. C-14

Question 20

what are isomers ?

Answer 20

same chemical formula (compound) but different chemical structure
- compound / element is in different spot when compared to each other

Question 21

amino group

Answer 21

-NH2
polar

Question 22

phosphate group

Answer 22

-PO4(-2)
polar

Question 23

electronegativity

Answer 23

high negativity, a stronger pull for electrons in compounds
- O, N

Question 24

partial negative vs. partial positive

Answer 24

partial negative = stronger electronegative element (O, N)
partial positive = weaker electronegative element
- H2O; O = partial negative, H2 = partial positive

Question 25

polar compound

Answer 25

compound that has partial positive and partial negative elements - H2O

Question 26

non-polar compound

Answer 26

compound that is sharing electrons equally - no partial positive / partial negative

Question 27

hydrogen bond

Answer 27

weak bonds on there own - bond between H of one compound to O of another compound

Question 28

covalent bond

Answer 28

sharing electrons - polar covalent = electronegative forces - nonpolar covalent = sharing equally

Question 29

ionic bond

Answer 29

transferring electrons - fulfill valance shell of both elements one giving electron = positive (Na+) one gaining electron = negative (Cl-) (Na+Cl-)

Question 30

dehydration reaction

Answer 30

removing water to combine monomers

Question 31

hydrolysis

Answer 31

adding water to sever bond between polymers

Question 32

ion

Answer 32

positive / negative charged atom

Question 33

4 macromolecules

Answer 33

all polymers - nucleic acids - carbohydrates - proteins - lipids

Question 34

monomer of nucleic acids

Answer 34

nucleotides

Question 35

monomer of carbohydrates

Answer 35

monosaccharides (glucose, etc.)

Question 36

monomer of proteins

Answer 36

amino acids

Question 37

monomer of lipids

Answer 37

phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids

Question 38

phospholipid parts

Answer 38

glycerol head = hydrophilic fatty acid tails = hydrophobic

Question 39

what is an organic compound ?

Answer 39

a compound that contains 1 or more carbons (C)

Question 40

pH scale

Answer 40

0 - 14 scale dependent on acidity extremely acidic ---> extremely basic pH 7 = neutral (water)

Question 41

how much does pH change between pH levels ?

Answer 41

one digit change (pH 4 ---> 5) is an 10

Question 42

buffer

Answer 42

solution that resists changes in pH if acidic or basic solution is added