Final Review Flashcards
the sheet paper thing
3 domains of life
- bacteria
- archaea
- eukarya
eukarya kingdoms (4)
- fungi
- plants
- animal
- protists
what is the difference between bacteria and archaea compared to eukarya ?
they are prokaryotes
- do not have membrane bound organelles
- protists only eukarya exception
difference between independent / dependent variable ?
independent = x-axis
- what is being intentionally changed
dependent = y-axis
- independent influences dependent outcome
difference between continuous vs. discrete data ?
continuous = line graph
- infinite # of points
discrete = bar graph
- different labeled sections, order doesn’t matter
what is an experimental control ?
what is being held constant through out the entire experiment
- room temp, environment, etc.
correlation vs. causation
correlation doesn’t ALWAYS = causation
- need to rule out other extraneous factors that can influence causation
- health, socioeconomic status, etc.
process of evolution by natural selection
organisms evolve in order to avoid natural selection
- traits more suited for environment = higher fitness
- traits less suited for environment = higher chance of dying / victim of natural selection
fitness of an organism
higher fitness = higher chance of pass on traits
what is an element ?
pure substance that has no additives
- only hydrogen (H), only carbon (C)
what is a compound ?
substance made up of 2 or more elements
- O2, O=O, oxygen; H2O, H-O-H, water
what is an atom ?
basic unit of all chemical stuff
- makes up all substances
valence electrons
electrons on the outermost shell of an atom
electrons
negative charge
- found in electron cloud
- minuscule / no mass
protons
positive charge
- found in nucleus
neutrons
neutral charge
- found in nucleus
atomic mass of an atom
sum of protons and neutrons
atomic charge
sum of protons and electrons
what are isotopes ?
same element but w/ different # of neutrons
- same element w/ different atomic mass
- C-13 vs. C-14
what are isomers ?
same chemical formula (compound) but different chemical structure
- compound / element is in different spot when compared to each other
amino group
-NH2
polar
phosphate group
-PO4(-2)
polar
electronegativity
high negativity, a stronger pull for electrons in compounds
- O, N
partial negative vs. partial positive
partial negative = stronger electronegative element (O, N)
partial positive = weaker electronegative element
- H2O; O = partial negative, H2 = partial positive
polar compound
compound that has partial positive and partial negative elements
- H2O
non-polar compound
compound that is sharing electrons equally
- no partial positive / partial negative
hydrogen bond
weak bonds on there own
- bond between H of one compound to O of another compound
covalent bond
sharing electrons
- polar covalent = electronegative forces
- nonpolar covalent = sharing equally
ionic bond
transferring electrons
- fulfill valance shell of both elements
one giving electron = positive (Na+)
one gaining electron = negative (Cl-)
(Na+Cl-)
dehydration reaction
removing water to combine monomers
hydrolysis
adding water to sever bond between polymers
ion
positive / negative charged atom
4 macromolecules
all polymers
- nucleic acids
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids
monomer of nucleic acids
nucleotides
monomer of carbohydrates
monosaccharides (glucose, etc.)
monomer of proteins
amino acids
monomer of lipids
phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids
phospholipid parts
glycerol head = hydrophilic
fatty acid tails = hydrophobic
what is an organic compound ?
a compound that contains 1 or more carbons (C)
pH scale
0 - 14 scale dependent on acidity
extremely acidic —> extremely basic
pH 7 = neutral (water)
how much does pH change between pH levels ?
one digit change (pH 4 —> 5) is an 10
buffer
solution that resists changes in pH if acidic or basic solution is added
