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BIO110 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

Genetic Material

1
Q

bacteriophages

A

(phages) viruses that exclusively infect bacteria

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2
Q

bacteriophage replication steps:

A

1) phage attaches to a bacterial cell wall
2) phage injects own DNA into bacterial cell
3) phage DNA directs bacterial cell to make more phage DNA / protein; assemble new phages
4) cell lyses and new phages are released

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3
Q

monomer of DNA / RNA

A

nucleotides

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4
Q

polymer of nucleotides ?

A

DNA / RNA

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5
Q

polynucleotide

A

polymer of many nucleotide monomers covalently bonded together

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6
Q

DNA

A

double-stranded helical nucleic acid molecule

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7
Q

what makes up DNA ?

A
  • nitrogenous base (A / T & G / C)
  • phosphate group
  • deoxyribose sugar
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8
Q

what makes up RNA ?

A
  • nitrogenous base (A / U & G / C)
  • phosphate group
  • ribose sugar
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9
Q

pyrimidines

A

1 ring nitrogenous base
- T / C / U

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10
Q

purines

A

2 ring nitrogenous base
- A / G

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11
Q

nucleotide

A

building block of nucleic acids
- 1 phosphate group, 1 5C sugar, nitrogenous base

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12
Q

sugar-phosphate backbone

A

alternating chain of 5C sugar and phosphate group where nitrogenous base attaches to

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13
Q

how does the nitrogenous base connect to the phosphate-sugar backbone ?

A

bonding w/ the 5C sugar

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14
Q

double helix

A

DNA structure;
- two DNA strands interwound together in helical shape

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15
Q

how many hydrogen bonds hold together G / C ?

A

functional groups form 3 hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

how many hydrogen bonds hold together A / T ?

A

functional groups form 2 hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

orientation of the 2 DNA strands ?

A

antiparallel; one runs one way while other runs opposite way
5’ ——— 3’
3’ ——— 5’

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18
Q

5’ end of single DNA strand holds what ?

A

phosphate group

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19
Q

3’ end of single DNA strand holds what ?

A

OH

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20
Q

what model showed the helical structure of DNA ?

A

watson-crick model
- rosalind franklin contributed a lot

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21
Q

what main point does watson-crick model suggest ?

A

molecular explanation for genetic inheritance

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22
Q

complimentary DNA sequence of GGCATAGGT ?

A

CCGTATCCA

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23
Q

primary function of DNA ?

A

encode / store genetic info
- molecular basis of heredity

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24
Q

how does DNA strands replicate ?

A

original helix strands unravel and 2 new strands are made to wind with 2 original template strands
- new strands lay down coinciding base pairs to original template strands
- 1 helix becomes 2 helixes

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25
semiconservative model
type of DNA replication in where new replicated helix consists of new strand one original template strand from original helix
26
how does complimentary base pairing make DNA replication possible ?
free nucleotides can form a new strand by bonding w/ their base pair along the original template strand - synthesizes a new DNA strand
27
where does DNA replication start on the original DNA strand ?
sites called origins of replication - short strands of specific nucleotide sequences
28
what direction does DNA replication go ?
goes out from either side of origin of replication - forms replication bubble
29
why is there many origins of replication and in-turn, many replication bubbles in eukaryotic chromosomes ?
lessens time to fully replicate DNA strand
30
DNA polymerase
assembles DNA nucleotides using template DNA strand to form new DNA strand - proofreads all nucleotides placed down; removes any base-paired incorrectly
31
what direction will DNA polymerase lay down nucleotides ?
5' ---> 3' - can only lay down nucleotides on the 3' end
32
how does DNA polymerase lay down nucleotides on DNA strand 3' ---> 5' ?
lays down nucleotides in 5' ---> 3' direction in sections - okazaki fragments
33
strand that is synthesized by DNA polymerase leading in 5' ---> 3' direction ?
leading strand - continuous synthesize - synthesize toward forking point
34
strand that is synthesized by DNA polymerase leading in 3' ---> 5' direction ?
lagging strand - fragment synthesis - synthesize out from forking point
35
DNA ligase
enzyme that joins together okazaki fragments on lagging strand to make one continuous DNA strand
36
how can DNA strands be harmed ?
- ultraviolet light - x-rays - toxic chemicals (tobacco)
37
how are DNA strands repaired ?
by DNA polymerase / ligase
38
transcription
synthesis of DNA ---> RNA - in nucleus
39
hows does transcription work ?
essentially just DNA replication using A/U & G/C nucleotide pairs - uses a single DNA strand from unraveled helix and makes 1 RNA strand
40
initiation of transcription
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter and starts RNA synthesis
41
elongation of transcription
RNA polymerase continues to elongate RNA strand using DNA template
42
termination of transcription
RNA reaches terminator DNA - RNA polymerase detaches from RNA strand
43
translation
synthesis of RNA ---> proteins - in cytoplasm
44
how does translation work?
3 RNA nucleotides make up a codon - specific codon translates into specific amino acid
45
codon
3 nucleotides sequence in mRNA - basic unit of genetic code
46
what is the minimum # of nucleotides to code for polypeptide 100 amino acids long ?
300 nucleotides
47
genetic code
set of rules that dictate amino acid translation of each mRNA nucleotide triplet
48
RNA polymerase
transcription enzyme; - links together RNA nucleotides during transcription - opens DNA helix and uses 1 strand as template
49
promoter
binding site of RNA polymerase; - where transcription begins - specific nucleotide sequence in DNA
50
terminator
signals RNA polymerase to release formed RNA strand and depart from gene - special DNA sequence showing end of gene
51
messenger RNA (mRNA)
type of RNA that encodes genetic info and conveys it to the ribosomes - ribosomes translate info into amino acid sequence
52
how is mRNA modified before leaving the nucleus in eukaryotic organisms ?
- small cap of modified G nucleotides at 5' end - large cap of (50-250) A nucleotides at 3' end caps are NOT translated into proteins
53
what is the point of modifying mRNA w/ caps at both 5' / 3' end before leaving the nucleus ?
- facilitate export - protect from degradation - help ribosomes bind to mRNA strand
54
introns
noncoding region of RNA from DNA that will not be translated into proteins - removed from mRNA strand before leaving nucleus
55
exons
part of a gene that will be expressed and translated into proteins - exons will join together before leaving nucleus to form continuous mRNA strand
56
RNA splicing
removal of introns and joining of exons before mRNA leaves nucleus - forms continuous mRNA strand
57
why are most eukaryotic genes longer than the mRNA that leaves the nucleus ?
because of RNA splicing, intron portions are removed from strand while exons are kept
58
transfer RNA (tRNA)
type of RNA - pick up specific amino acid - lay amino acid to specific codon on mRNA
59
anticodon
on tRNA, 3 nucleotide sequence complimentary to codon tiplet on mRNA - how amino acid knows where to lay amino acid - opposite side of amino acid attachment side
60
how are amino acids attached to tRNA ?
by a enzyme for each specific amino acid
61
where does the formation for the amino acid polypeptide chain by tRNA in accordance to mRNA strand occur ?
in the ribosome
62
ribosomes
cell structure of RNA and proteins - site of protein synthesis - 1 large subunit / 1 small subunit
63
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
type of RNA w/ proteins that make up ribosomes - most abundant RNA in most cells
64
where does mRNA bind on a ribosome ?
the small subunit
65
where does tRNA bind on a ribosome
the large subunit - P / A site
66
how does a ribosome facilitate protein synthesis ?
ribosome holds together mRNA / tRNA together - connects amino acids from tRNA to growing polypeptide chain according to mRNA
67
three phases of transcription / translation:
1) initiation 2) elongation 3) termination
68
initiation of translation
1) mRNA binds to small subunit of ribosome via start codon 2) large subunit of ribosome binds to small making functioning ribosome - initiator tRNA fits into tRNA binding site (P site) on ribosome
69
start codon
on mRNA, 3 nucleotide sequence (AUG) where initiator tRNA binds - starting translation
70
P site
ribosome binding site where initiator tRNA binds - holds tRNA carrying polypeptide chain
71
A site
(aminoacyl tRNA) one of ribosome's binding site - holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid of polypeptide chain
72
what would happen if a genetic mutation in a gene changed a start codon to some other codon ?
mRNA transcribed from mutated gene would not work because ribosomes cannot start translation correctly
73
elongation of transcription
1) anticodon of incoming tRNA carrying amino acids in A site of ribosome 2) polypeptide chain separates from tRNA in P site and attaches to amino acid of tRNA in A site 3) P site tRNA leaves site, ribosome moves A site tRNA w/ polypeptide chain to now empty P site repeats
74
termination of transcription
stop codon stops protein synthesis; - one of 3, 3 nucleotide codons that signal gene to stop - polypeptide is released from last tRNA and ribosome subunits separate
75
the 3 stop codons
- UAA - UAG - UGA
76
what would happen if a mutation caused a codon in the middle of the mRNA to be a stop codon ?
translation will end prematurely
77
which type of nucleic acid does not directly participate in translation ?
DNA
78
mutation
change in genetic information of cell
79
mutagen
chemical / physical agent that interacts w/ DNA and causes mutation
80
how could a single nucleotide substitution result in a shortened polypeptide ?
substitution that changes a codon to now code for a stop codon - ending polypeptide chain prematurely
81
one gene one enzyme hypothesis
each gene produces a specific polypeptide - polypeptide may function as an enzyme / subunit of an enzyme

BIO110 (12 decks)

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