Chapter 3 Flashcards
organic compounds
compounds containing Carbon and usually Hydrogen
isomers
organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures / properties
hydrocarbons
organic compounds made of only Carbon and Hydrogen
functional groups
specific groups of atoms attached to a carbon skeleton
hydrophilic
“water-loving”
polar / charged molecules soluble in water
hydroxyl group
-OH
polar and acts like alcohol
carbonyl group
-C=O
located end of carbon skeleton is aldehyde
located middle of carbon skeleton is ketone
carboxyl group
-COOH
acidic; H+ ions deviate from the O
amino group
-NH2
base; attracts H+ ions
phosphate group
-OPO3
acts like an acid (- charge)
important for ATP and energy transferring
sulfhydryl group
-SH
thiols
macromolecules
bigger molecules formed from smaller molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides)
polymer
large molecule consisting of identical / similar monomers covalently bonded
monomers
subunit for molecules
dehydration synthesis
reaction of two molecules being covalently bonded by removing H2O
hydolysis
reaction of two molecules being breaking bonds by adding H2O
enzymes
macromolecule (protein usually), changes rate of chemical reactions w/t being used in the reaction itself
what is the reaction when proteins are broken down into amino acids and then converted into other bodily proteins ?
hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis
carbohydrates
mono / di / poly / saccharides (1 / 2 / 3 sugar monomers); 1 carbonyl with many hydroxyls
monosacchardies
simplest carbohydrates
monomer for di / poly / saccharides
glucose
6C monosaccharides;
major source of ATP
glucose and fructose are isomers, what is the difference ?
both are C6H12O6;
different carbonyl location
formula for a monosaccharide with 3Cs ?
3CH6O3
(general monosaccharide formula CxHx2Ox)
disaccharide
carbohydrate polymer of many monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis
what is the formula for lactose ?
(lactose is the disaccharide sugar in milk formed from glucose and galactose, being C6H12O6)
C12H22O11
polysaccharides
carbohydrate polymer (starch, glycogen, cellulose) of many monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis
starch
storage polysaccharide in plants; humans hydrolyze into glucose
glycogen
glucose storage; hydrolyzed when needed
cellulose
polymer of glucose (plant cell wall); linked in different orientation by hydrogen bonds
chitin
structural polysaccharide (exoskeleton and fungal cell wall)
lipids
mainly C and H bonded by non-polar covalent bonds; mainly hydrophobic (fats, phospholipids, steroids)
hydrophobic
water-fearing; non-polar molecules that do not dissolve in water
fat
lipid composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol (triglyceride)
chanamo
unsaturated fatty acid
≥ 1 double bond between Cs in the hydrocarbon fatty acid tail (incomplete H saturation); do NOT solidify at room temp.
saturated fatty acid
ALL Cs in hydrocarbon fatty acid tail are single bonded (complete H saturation); DO solidify at room temp.
why are fats hydrophobic ?
because of the non-polar bonds in the fatty acid tail
phospholipids
lipid made of 2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, 1 phosphate group (non-polar hydrophobic tail, polar hydrophilic head)
steroids
lipid w/ C skeleton in ring form (4 fused rings)
cholesterol
precursor molecule for other steroids (hormones)
anabolic steroids
synthetic variant of male hormones; cause mood swings, high cholesterol / BP and reduce natural male hormone
anabolic
building up (body)
why are fats and steroids both lipids despite being structurally different ?
because they’re both hydrophobic; main characteristic of lipids
protein
polymer of amino acids; most important as enzymes (globular or fibrous shape)
denaturization
proteins (DNA helix) unravels, losing its structure = losing its function; caused by changes in environment (pH, salt concentration, temp.)
why do denatured proteins no longer work ?
because the unraveling causes the specific site in the enzyme to move, losing its structure = losing its functions
amino acids
monomers of protein; carboxyl, amino group H, and r-group bonded to central C
r-group
the varying molecule that determines the type of amino acid
peptide bond
covalent bond between amino acids in a polypeptide bond by dehydration synthesis
polypeptide
chain (polymer) of amino acids linked by peptides bonds (amino of one to another carboxyl)
what process do you use to digest proteins into individual amino acids ?
hydrolysis; add H2O to peptide bonds in order to break amino acids apart
primary structure
specific amino acid sequence making up the polypeptide chain
secondary structure
polypeptide chain coils / folds into local patterns via hydrogen bonds; forms alpha helix or beta plate
tertiary structure
3D shape; r-groups interacting with each other
quaternary structure
multiple polypeptide chains folding w/ each other
will changes in the primary structure effect the other structures ?
yes, the primary structure is the base sequence of amino acids, which the order effects the rest of the structures
nucleic acid
polymer of nucleotide monomers (DNA and RNA)
gene
hereditary info consisting of specific DNA nucleotide sequence
DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) double-helix of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and a nucleotide
RNA
single stranded nucleic acid with a phosphate group, ribose sugar, and nucleotide
nucleotides
part of nucleic acid; 5C sugar covalently bonded to phosphate and a nitrogenous base (A, T, U, C, G)
double helix
two adjacent nucleotide strands (run opposite of each other)
gene expression
genetic info from gene to protein (genotype to phenotype)
