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BIO110 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

organic compounds

A

compounds containing Carbon and usually Hydrogen

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2
Q

isomers

A

organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures / properties

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3
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic compounds made of only Carbon and Hydrogen

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4
Q

functional groups

A

specific groups of atoms attached to a carbon skeleton

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5
Q

hydrophilic

A

“water-loving”
polar / charged molecules soluble in water

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6
Q

hydroxyl group

A

-OH
polar and acts like alcohol

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7
Q

carbonyl group

A

-C=O
located end of carbon skeleton is aldehyde
located middle of carbon skeleton is ketone

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8
Q

carboxyl group

A

-COOH
acidic; H+ ions deviate from the O

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9
Q

amino group

A

-NH2
base; attracts H+ ions

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10
Q

phosphate group

A

-OPO3
acts like an acid (- charge)
important for ATP and energy transferring

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11
Q

sulfhydryl group

A

-SH
thiols

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12
Q

macromolecules

A

bigger molecules formed from smaller molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides)

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13
Q

polymer

A

large molecule consisting of identical / similar monomers covalently bonded

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14
Q

monomers

A

subunit for molecules

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15
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

reaction of two molecules being covalently bonded by removing H2O

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16
Q

hydolysis

A

reaction of two molecules being breaking bonds by adding H2O

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17
Q

enzymes

A

macromolecule (protein usually), changes rate of chemical reactions w/t being used in the reaction itself

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18
Q

what is the reaction when proteins are broken down into amino acids and then converted into other bodily proteins ?

A

hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis

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19
Q

carbohydrates

A

mono / di / poly / saccharides (1 / 2 / 3 sugar monomers); 1 carbonyl with many hydroxyls

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20
Q

monosacchardies

A

simplest carbohydrates
monomer for di / poly / saccharides

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21
Q

glucose

A

6C monosaccharides;
major source of ATP

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22
Q

glucose and fructose are isomers, what is the difference ?

A

both are C6H12O6;
different carbonyl location

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23
Q

formula for a monosaccharide with 3Cs ?

A

3CH6O3
(general monosaccharide formula CxHx2Ox)

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24
Q

disaccharide

A

carbohydrate polymer of many monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis

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25
what is the formula for lactose ? (lactose is the disaccharide sugar in milk formed from glucose and galactose, being C6H12O6)
C12H22O11
26
polysaccharides
carbohydrate polymer (starch, glycogen, cellulose) of many monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis
27
starch
storage polysaccharide in plants; humans hydrolyze into glucose
28
glycogen
glucose storage; hydrolyzed when needed
29
cellulose
polymer of glucose (plant cell wall); linked in different orientation by hydrogen bonds
30
chitin
structural polysaccharide (exoskeleton and fungal cell wall)
31
lipids
mainly C and H bonded by non-polar covalent bonds; mainly hydrophobic (fats, phospholipids, steroids)
32
hydrophobic
water-fearing; non-polar molecules that do not dissolve in water
33
fat
lipid composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol (triglyceride) | chanamo
34
unsaturated fatty acid
≥ 1 double bond between Cs in the hydrocarbon fatty acid tail (incomplete H saturation); do NOT solidify at room temp.
35
saturated fatty acid
ALL Cs in hydrocarbon fatty acid tail are single bonded (complete H saturation); DO solidify at room temp.
36
why are fats hydrophobic ?
because of the non-polar bonds in the fatty acid tail
37
phospholipids
lipid made of 2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, 1 phosphate group (non-polar hydrophobic tail, polar hydrophilic head)
38
steroids
lipid w/ C skeleton in ring form (4 fused rings)
39
cholesterol
precursor molecule for other steroids (hormones)
40
anabolic steroids
synthetic variant of male hormones; cause mood swings, high cholesterol / BP and reduce natural male hormone
41
anabolic
building up (body)
42
why are fats and steroids both lipids despite being structurally different ?
because they're both hydrophobic; main characteristic of lipids
43
protein
polymer of amino acids; most important as enzymes (globular or fibrous shape)
44
denaturization
proteins (DNA helix) unravels, losing its structure = losing its function; caused by changes in environment (pH, salt concentration, temp.)
45
why do denatured proteins no longer work ?
because the unraveling causes the specific site in the enzyme to move, losing its structure = losing its functions
46
amino acids
monomers of protein; carboxyl, amino group H, and r-group bonded to central C
47
r-group
the varying molecule that determines the type of amino acid
48
peptide bond
covalent bond between amino acids in a polypeptide bond by dehydration synthesis
49
polypeptide
chain (polymer) of amino acids linked by peptides bonds (amino of one to another carboxyl)
50
what process do you use to digest proteins into individual amino acids ?
hydrolysis; add H2O to peptide bonds in order to break amino acids apart
51
primary structure
specific amino acid sequence making up the polypeptide chain
52
secondary structure
polypeptide chain coils / folds into local patterns via hydrogen bonds; forms alpha helix or beta plate
53
tertiary structure
3D shape; r-groups interacting with each other
54
quaternary structure
multiple polypeptide chains folding w/ each other
55
will changes in the primary structure effect the other structures ?
yes, the primary structure is the base sequence of amino acids, which the order effects the rest of the structures
56
nucleic acid
polymer of nucleotide monomers (DNA and RNA)
57
gene
hereditary info consisting of specific DNA nucleotide sequence
58
DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) double-helix of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and a nucleotide
59
RNA
single stranded nucleic acid with a phosphate group, ribose sugar, and nucleotide
60
nucleotides
part of nucleic acid; 5C sugar covalently bonded to phosphate and a nitrogenous base (A, T, U, C, G)
61
double helix
two adjacent nucleotide strands (run opposite of each other)
62
gene expression
genetic info from gene to protein (genotype to phenotype)

BIO110 (12 decks)

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