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BIO110 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

organic compounds

A

compounds containing Carbon and usually Hydrogen

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2
Q

isomers

A

organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures / properties

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3
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic compounds made of only Carbon and Hydrogen

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4
Q

functional groups

A

specific groups of atoms attached to a carbon skeleton

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5
Q

hydrophilic

A

“water-loving”
polar / charged molecules soluble in water

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6
Q

hydroxyl group

A

-OH
polar and acts like alcohol

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7
Q

carbonyl group

A

-C=O
located end of carbon skeleton is aldehyde
located middle of carbon skeleton is ketone

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8
Q

carboxyl group

A

-COOH
acidic; H+ ions deviate from the O

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9
Q

amino group

A

-NH2
base; attracts H+ ions

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10
Q

phosphate group

A

-OPO3
acts like an acid (- charge)
important for ATP and energy transferring

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11
Q

sulfhydryl group

A

-SH
thiols

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12
Q

macromolecules

A

bigger molecules formed from smaller molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides)

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13
Q

polymer

A

large molecule consisting of identical / similar monomers covalently bonded

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14
Q

monomers

A

subunit for molecules

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15
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

reaction of two molecules being covalently bonded by removing H2O

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16
Q

hydolysis

A

reaction of two molecules being breaking bonds by adding H2O

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17
Q

enzymes

A

macromolecule (protein usually), changes rate of chemical reactions w/t being used in the reaction itself

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18
Q

what is the reaction when proteins are broken down into amino acids and then converted into other bodily proteins ?

A

hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis

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19
Q

carbohydrates

A

mono / di / poly / saccharides (1 / 2 / 3 sugar monomers); 1 carbonyl with many hydroxyls

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20
Q

monosacchardies

A

simplest carbohydrates
monomer for di / poly / saccharides

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21
Q

glucose

A

6C monosaccharides;
major source of ATP

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22
Q

glucose and fructose are isomers, what is the difference ?

A

both are C6H12O6;
different carbonyl location

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23
Q

formula for a monosaccharide with 3Cs ?

A

3CH6O3
(general monosaccharide formula CxHx2Ox)

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24
Q

disaccharide

A

carbohydrate polymer of many monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis

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25
Q

what is the formula for lactose ?
(lactose is the disaccharide sugar in milk formed from glucose and galactose, being C6H12O6)

A

C12H22O11

26
Q

polysaccharides

A

carbohydrate polymer (starch, glycogen, cellulose) of many monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis

27
Q

starch

A

storage polysaccharide in plants; humans hydrolyze into glucose

28
Q

glycogen

A

glucose storage; hydrolyzed when needed

29
Q

cellulose

A

polymer of glucose (plant cell wall); linked in different orientation by hydrogen bonds

30
Q

chitin

A

structural polysaccharide (exoskeleton and fungal cell wall)

31
Q

lipids

A

mainly C and H bonded by non-polar covalent bonds; mainly hydrophobic (fats, phospholipids, steroids)

32
Q

hydrophobic

A

water-fearing; non-polar molecules that do not dissolve in water

33
Q

fat

A

lipid composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol (triglyceride)

chanamo

34
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

≥ 1 double bond between Cs in the hydrocarbon fatty acid tail (incomplete H saturation); do NOT solidify at room temp.

35
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

ALL Cs in hydrocarbon fatty acid tail are single bonded (complete H saturation); DO solidify at room temp.

36
Q

why are fats hydrophobic ?

A

because of the non-polar bonds in the fatty acid tail

37
Q

phospholipids

A

lipid made of 2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, 1 phosphate group (non-polar hydrophobic tail, polar hydrophilic head)

38
Q

steroids

A

lipid w/ C skeleton in ring form (4 fused rings)

39
Q

cholesterol

A

precursor molecule for other steroids (hormones)

40
Q

anabolic steroids

A

synthetic variant of male hormones; cause mood swings, high cholesterol / BP and reduce natural male hormone

41
Q

anabolic

A

building up (body)

42
Q

why are fats and steroids both lipids despite being structurally different ?

A

because they’re both hydrophobic; main characteristic of lipids

43
Q

protein

A

polymer of amino acids; most important as enzymes (globular or fibrous shape)

44
Q

denaturization

A

proteins (DNA helix) unravels, losing its structure = losing its function; caused by changes in environment (pH, salt concentration, temp.)

45
Q

why do denatured proteins no longer work ?

A

because the unraveling causes the specific site in the enzyme to move, losing its structure = losing its functions

46
Q

amino acids

A

monomers of protein; carboxyl, amino group H, and r-group bonded to central C

47
Q

r-group

A

the varying molecule that determines the type of amino acid

48
Q

peptide bond

A

covalent bond between amino acids in a polypeptide bond by dehydration synthesis

49
Q

polypeptide

A

chain (polymer) of amino acids linked by peptides bonds (amino of one to another carboxyl)

50
Q

what process do you use to digest proteins into individual amino acids ?

A

hydrolysis; add H2O to peptide bonds in order to break amino acids apart

51
Q

primary structure

A

specific amino acid sequence making up the polypeptide chain

52
Q

secondary structure

A

polypeptide chain coils / folds into local patterns via hydrogen bonds; forms alpha helix or beta plate

53
Q

tertiary structure

A

3D shape; r-groups interacting with each other

54
Q

quaternary structure

A

multiple polypeptide chains folding w/ each other

55
Q

will changes in the primary structure effect the other structures ?

A

yes, the primary structure is the base sequence of amino acids, which the order effects the rest of the structures

56
Q

nucleic acid

A

polymer of nucleotide monomers (DNA and RNA)

57
Q

gene

A

hereditary info consisting of specific DNA nucleotide sequence

58
Q

DNA

A

(deoxyribonucleic acid) double-helix of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and a nucleotide

59
Q

RNA

A

single stranded nucleic acid with a phosphate group, ribose sugar, and nucleotide

60
Q

nucleotides

A

part of nucleic acid; 5C sugar covalently bonded to phosphate and a nitrogenous base (A, T, U, C, G)

61
Q

double helix

A

two adjacent nucleotide strands (run opposite of each other)

62
Q

gene expression

A

genetic info from gene to protein (genotype to phenotype)

BIO110 (12 decks)

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