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BIO110 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

The Chemical Basis of Life

1
Q

matter

A

occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

elements

A

pure substance; cannot be broken down into anything else

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3
Q

compound

A

substance consisting of two or more elements

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4
Q

main four elements in the body

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON)

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5
Q

emergent properties

A

characteristics of compounds not usually found in the base elements

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6
Q

trace elements

A

elements needed by the body in small quantities; iron, iodine, fluorine, etc.

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7
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of matter able to retain elemental properties

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8
Q

proton

A
  • positive charge
  • in nucleus
  • has mass
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9
Q

electron

A
  • negative charge
  • in electron shell
  • no mass
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10
Q

neutron

A
  • neutral charge
  • in nucleus
  • has mass
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11
Q

nucleus

A

atoms central core

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12
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

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13
Q

atomic mass

A

number of protons and neutrons

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14
Q

isotopes

A

same element but with different atomic masses (C12 and C13)

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15
Q

radioactive isotope

A

unstable isotope with decaying nucleus; gives off particles and energy

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16
Q

why are radioactive isotopes useful ?

A

can be used to track and follow certain molecules and show accumulation of certain molecules

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17
Q

electron shell

A

levels of electrons at certain distances from nucleus; determines chemical properties of the atom

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18
Q

electron levels 1-4 hold how many electrons each ?

A

2, 8, 8, 18

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19
Q

chemical bonds

A

attraction between the electrons in two atoms

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20
Q

what is the goal of chemical bonds ?

A

to complete the valence electron shell

21
Q

ionic bond

A

transferring electrons

22
Q

covalent bond

A

sharing ≥ 1 electrons

23
Q

how many covalent bonds for Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

A

4, 1, 2, 3

24
Q

molecule

A

≥ 2 atoms covalently bonded

25
Q

electronegativity

A

attraction of atoms for electrons in covalent bonds

26
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

electrons shared equally between atoms with similar electronegativity

27
Q

polar covalent bond

A

electrons shared equally between atoms with different electronegativity

28
Q

why are water molecules polar covalent bonds ?

A

the slightly negative Oxygen and the slightly positive Hydrogen

29
Q

ionic charges in elements are obtained how ?

A

from the transferring of electrons between one atom to another

30
Q

ion

A

atom(s) gained / lost an electron; gaining a positive or negative charge

31
Q

what holds together ions in a crystal of table salt

A

ionic bond (Na+ and Cl-)

32
Q

hydrogen bond

A

slightly positive Hydrogen atom bonds covalently with another slightly negative atom

33
Q

polar molecule

A

molecule with polar covalent bond; unequal electron distribution

34
Q

what enables neighboring water molecules to hydrogen bond

A

the slightly positive Hydrogen atom of one molecule and the slightly negative Oxygen atom in another

35
Q

chemical reactions

A

make / break / rearrange bonds; leads to a change in composition of matter

36
Q

reactant

A

starting material in a chemical reaction

37
Q

product

A

ending material in a chemical reaction

38
Q

why is sold water less dense than liquid water

A

due to the hydrogen bonds; the bonds freeze spaciously rather then densely

39
Q

how can freezing water crack a boulder ?

A

the expanding hydrogen bonds will expand in the cracks and then crack the boulder itself

40
Q

solution

A

homogenous mixture of ≥ 2 substances in a liquid

41
Q

solvent

A

dissolving agent of a solution

42
Q

universal solvent

A

water

43
Q

solute

A

substance being dissolved in a solution

44
Q

aqueous solution

A

solution using water as solvent

45
Q

why is water the universal solvent ?

A

(idk) waters polarity; the slightly positive Hydrogen atoms and the slightly negative Oxygen atoms

46
Q

acid

A

increases Hydrogen (H+) ion concentration by donating H+ ions

47
Q

base

A

reduces hydrogen (H+) ions by donating hydroxide ions (OH-)

48
Q

pH scale

A

scale of 0 - 14 (acidic - basic)

49
Q

buffer

A

substance that’s minimizes changes in pH

BIO110 (12 decks)

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