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BIO110 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

light microscope

A

instrument w/ lenses that refract light to magnify light; show up in layers (2D)

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2
Q

cell theory

A

all living things are composed of cells; all cells come from other cells (cell replication)

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3
Q

electron microscope

A

using magnets to focus beam of electrons through specimen / surface (3D image); 100x lights microscope

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4
Q

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

electron beam shows surface details by stimulating electrons

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5
Q

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A

electron beam shows internal structure by stimulating electrons; prepping specimens kill it

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6
Q

what type of microscope used to observe
1) white blood cells (WBC)
2) fine surface details of hair
3) details structure of organelles in a liver cell

A

1) light microscope
2) transmission electron microscope (TEM)
3) scanning electron microscope (SEM)

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7
Q

surface area vs. volume ratio

A

want larger surface area and smaller volume

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8
Q

plasma membrane

A

cell membrane; flexible boundary between cell and surrounding

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9
Q

what is plasma membrane made of ?

A

phospholipid membrane; bilayer w/ hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

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10
Q

do polar or nonpolar molecules move along interiors of cell membrane easier ?

A

nonpolar molecules due to nonpolar tails

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11
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

lacking membrane - enclosed nucleus and organelles (bacteria / archaea)

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12
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

membrane - closed nucleus and organelles (all organisms except bacteria and archaea)

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13
Q

cytosol

A

semifluid portion of cytoplasm

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14
Q

chromosomes

A

gene - carrying structure found in nucleus / nucleoid region; long DNA strands

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15
Q

ribosomes

A

RNA / protein structure; site of protein synthesis in cytoplasm

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16
Q

cytoplasm

A

interior of prokaryotic cell; semifluid between plasma membrane and nucleus in eukaryotic cells

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17
Q

nucleoid

A

non-membrane bound DNA region of prokaryotic cells

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18
Q

3 differences and similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells ?

A

similarities:
- chromosomes, cytoplasm, ribosomes
differences:
prokaryotic only - smaller, no membrane-bound organelles, different ribosomes

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19
Q

organelles

A

membrane - enclosed structure w/ specific functions

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20
Q

4 general functions of organelles:

A

1) genetic info; nucleus, ribosomes
2) manufacture / distribute / breakdown; ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes
3) energy processing; mitochondria, chloroplast
4 ) support / movement / communication; cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, cell wall

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21
Q

cellular metabolism

A

all chemical activities

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22
Q

structures in plant cells but not animal cells ?

A
  • chloroplasts
  • central vacuole
  • cell wall / plasmodesmata
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23
Q

nucelus

A

organelle containing genetic info

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24
Q

chromatin

A

extended form of chromosomes

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25
nuclear envelope
double membrane around nucleus w/ pores for movement
26
nucleolus
in nucleus; where RNA is made w/ protein to make ribosomal subunits
27
ribosomes are found where ?
- free ribosomes in cytosol - bound ribosomes to ER / nuclear envelope
28
how do ribosomes make proteins
instructions from mRNA by the nucleus to form proteins
29
free ribosomes
proteins that catalyze sugar breakdown
30
bound ribosomes
proteins to be exported from cell
31
endomembrane system
organelle network connected by physical contact / vesicle transfer
32
vesicles
sac of membrans in cytoplasm
33
organelles in the the endomembrane system ?
1) nuclear envelope 2) ER 3) golgi 4) lysosomes 5) plasma membrane
34
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
smooth and rough ER
35
smooth ER
lack ribosomes; produces lipids / site of detox. reactions
36
rough ER
bound ribosomes; produces proteins
37
glycoprotein
protein w/ ≥ 1 short chain of sugar bonded to it
38
transport vesicle
buds off of an organelle to travel and connect w/ another organelle / plasma membrane
39
steps to make a protein in rough ER
1) polypeptide chain (formed by ribosomes under mRNA instructions) threaded into rough ER then folded into 3D shapes 2) short sugar chains link to polypeptide forming glycoprotein 3) after molecule is done its packaged in transport vesicle 4) vesicle buds off of ER membrane and heads to the golgi
40
golgi apparatus
stacks of non-attached membrane sacs that mods / sorts / ships cell products; amount of stacks determines how active cell is in protein secretion
41
cis side of golgi
receiving side of golgi; closer to nucleus
42
trans side of golgi
transporting end of golgi
43
steps to secreting proteins from golgi apparatus
1) receives transport vesicles from ER on cis side of golgi and fuses with it 2) modifies products as they move through the sacs (cisternae) 3) ships new transport vesicle off of trans side of golgi to another site
44
what is the relation between the golgi and ER ?
the golgi receives and modifies products made by the ER
45
lysosome
membrane enclosed sac w/ digestive enzymes; recycling center of cell
46
what / do lysosomes recycle ?
they fuse with food vacuoles or damaged organelles and release the materials into the cytosol
47
vacuoles
large vesicles in endomembrane system w/ multiple functions
48
contractile vacuoles
expels / maintains water in the cell
49
central vacuole
only in plant cells; absorbs water / stores chemicals / waste
50
phagocytosis
ingestion of solids into cells by vacuole formation
51
is a food vacuole part of the endomembrane system ?
yes it brings nutrients in through plasma membrane
52
endomembrane system
systems of cell compartments that separates biochemical activities; synthesis, distribution, storage / export of molecules
53
organelles in the endomembrane system ?
- nuclear envelope - ER - golgi - lysosomes - vacuoles / vesicles - plasma membrane
54
organelles w/ a structural connection in the endomembrane system ?
nuclear envelope and ER
55
organelles w/ functional connection in the endomembrane system ?
ER, golgi, plasma membrane
56
peroxisomes
contains enzymes; transfers H to O to produce / prevent degradation of hydrogen peroxide
57
how do transport vesicles help connect the endomembrane system ?
they move enclosed substances between structures
58
mitochondria
two-membrane organelle where cellular respiration occurs; contains own DNA / capable of self-replication
59
mitochondrial matrix
mitochondria inner matrix where cellular respiration occurs
60
inner membrane of mitochondria
encloses the matrix, has cristae
61
cristae
folded surfaces in-order to increase surface area (more cristae = more surface area = more ATP from cellular respiration)
62
cellular respiration formula
C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
63
chloroplasts
organelle that produces ATP in plants / algae; inner / outer membrane and contains own DNA / capable of self-replication
64
stroma
inner region; dense fluid surrounding thylakoid where biochemical reactions occur
65
thylakoid
contains chlorophyll where light reactions for photosynthesis occur
66
stack / singular thylakoid
granum vs. grana
67
photosynthesis formula
sunlight + CO2 + H2O = O2 + glucose
68
cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers help the cell with - maintaining cell shape - anchoring / movement of organelles - muscle contraction - amoeboid movement
69
motor proteins
proteins interacting w/ cytoskeleton giving movement to whole / parts of cell
70
microtubules
25nm; hollow tubes of globular tubulin proteins that support / shape the cell; found in spindle fibers, cilia, flagella and guides organelles w/ motor proteins
71
intermediate filaments
10nm; fibrous proteins coiled together; reinfoces cell shape / anchor organelles in place
72
microfilaments (actin filaments)
5nm; solid rod of twisted actin chains; form 3d networks within cell / help w/ cell movement, muscle contraction, amoeboid movement
73
centrosome
in animal cells; where microtubules originate; in cell division
74
fibers making up cytoskeleton from thickest to thinnest
microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments
74
component important to (A) holding nucleus in place, (B) guiding transport vesicles to plasma membrane, (C) contracting muscle cells ?
(A) intermediate filaments (B) microtubules (C) microfilaments
75
cilia
short abundant appendages of microtubules; propel paramecium and push debris / mucus in the throat
75
flagella
long appendage of microtubules arranged in "9+2" arrangement; usually singular / few for paramecium movement
76
how do cilia and flagella move the cell ?
move by motor proteins like dyein attaching to outer microtubules pairs in the "9+2" arrangement
77
"9+2" arrangement
9 paired microtubules (18) surround a single pair of microtubules (2)
78
extracellular matrix (ECM)
only animal cells; mesh surrounding animal cells made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides (mainly collagen fibers); helps hold cell together / protect plasma membrane
79
integrin
transmembrane protein interconnects / transmits signals between ECM and cytoskeleton
80
structures providing support to plasma membrane ?
microfilaments in the cytoskeleton, glycoproteins / collagen fibers in the ECM
81
tight junction
neighboring cells plasma membrane tightly knit together; prevents leak of fluids of across membranes
82
anchoring junction
fastens cells together in strong sheets by intermediate filaments; for tissues under stress (skin, muscle, etc.)
83
gap junction (communicating junction)
allows small molecules to go through protein-lined pores in the plasma membrane; flows of ions, etc.
84
muscle tear injury involve rupture of what cell junction
anchoring junction
85
cell wall
only plant cells; protects / supports plasma membrane; rigid / sturdy = keeps plants upright
86
plasmodesmata
opening in cell wall; connect cytoplasm of neighboring cells
87
cell wall layers
- thin primary cell wall - secondary cell wall; when cell done growing - pectin layer; in-between cell walls of neighboring cells
88
cell structures involved in genetic control
nucleus and ribosomes
89
cell structures involved in manufacturing / distribution / breakdown of molecules
ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes
90
cell structures involved in energy processing
mitochondria and chloroplasts
91
cell structures involved in support / movement / communication
cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, extracellular matrix (ECM), junctions, cell wall
92
how do the mitochondria, smooth ER, cytoskeleton contribute to muscle contraction of muscle cells
mitochondria - gives ATP smooth ER - regulates cell w/ calcium ions cytoskeleton - microfilament contraction

BIO110 (12 decks)

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