Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO110 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

light microscope

A

instrument w/ lenses that refract light to magnify light; show up in layers (2D)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cell theory

A

all living things are composed of cells; all cells come from other cells (cell replication)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

electron microscope

A

using magnets to focus beam of electrons through specimen / surface (3D image); 100x lights microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

electron beam shows surface details by stimulating electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A

electron beam shows internal structure by stimulating electrons; prepping specimens kill it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what type of microscope used to observe
1) white blood cells (WBC)
2) fine surface details of hair
3) details structure of organelles in a liver cell

A

1) light microscope
2) transmission electron microscope (TEM)
3) scanning electron microscope (SEM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

surface area vs. volume ratio

A

want larger surface area and smaller volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

plasma membrane

A

cell membrane; flexible boundary between cell and surrounding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is plasma membrane made of ?

A

phospholipid membrane; bilayer w/ hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

do polar or nonpolar molecules move along interiors of cell membrane easier ?

A

nonpolar molecules due to nonpolar tails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

lacking membrane - enclosed nucleus and organelles (bacteria / archaea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

membrane - closed nucleus and organelles (all organisms except bacteria and archaea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cytosol

A

semifluid portion of cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

chromosomes

A

gene - carrying structure found in nucleus / nucleoid region; long DNA strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ribosomes

A

RNA / protein structure; site of protein synthesis in cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cytoplasm

A

interior of prokaryotic cell; semifluid between plasma membrane and nucleus in eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nucleoid

A

non-membrane bound DNA region of prokaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

3 differences and similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells ?

A

similarities:
- chromosomes, cytoplasm, ribosomes
differences:
prokaryotic only - smaller, no membrane-bound organelles, different ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

organelles

A

membrane - enclosed structure w/ specific functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

4 general functions of organelles:

A

1) genetic info; nucleus, ribosomes
2) manufacture / distribute / breakdown; ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes
3) energy processing; mitochondria, chloroplast
4 ) support / movement / communication; cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cellular metabolism

A

all chemical activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

structures in plant cells but not animal cells ?

A
  • chloroplasts
  • central vacuole
  • cell wall / plasmodesmata
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

nucelus

A

organelle containing genetic info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

chromatin

A

extended form of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane around nucleus w/ pores for movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

nucleolus

A

in nucleus; where RNA is made w/ protein to make ribosomal subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

ribosomes are found where ?

A
  • free ribosomes in cytosol
  • bound ribosomes to ER / nuclear envelope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how do ribosomes make proteins

A

instructions from mRNA by the nucleus to form proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

free ribosomes

A

proteins that catalyze sugar breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

bound ribosomes

A

proteins to be exported from cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

endomembrane system

A

organelle network connected by physical contact / vesicle transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

vesicles

A

sac of membrans in cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

organelles in the the endomembrane system ?

A

1) nuclear envelope
2) ER
3) golgi
4) lysosomes
5) plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

smooth and rough ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

smooth ER

A

lack ribosomes; produces lipids / site of detox. reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

rough ER

A

bound ribosomes; produces proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

glycoprotein

A

protein w/ ≥ 1 short chain of sugar bonded to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

transport vesicle

A

buds off of an organelle to travel and connect w/ another organelle / plasma membrane

39
Q

steps to make a protein in rough ER

A

1) polypeptide chain (formed by ribosomes under mRNA instructions) threaded into rough ER then folded into 3D shapes
2) short sugar chains link to polypeptide forming glycoprotein
3) after molecule is done its packaged in transport vesicle
4) vesicle buds off of ER membrane and heads to the golgi

40
Q

golgi apparatus

A

stacks of non-attached membrane sacs that mods / sorts / ships cell products; amount of stacks determines how active cell is in protein secretion

41
Q

cis side of golgi

A

receiving side of golgi; closer to nucleus

42
Q

trans side of golgi

A

transporting end of golgi

43
Q

steps to secreting proteins from golgi apparatus

A

1) receives transport vesicles from ER on cis side of golgi and fuses with it
2) modifies products as they move through the sacs (cisternae)
3) ships new transport vesicle off of trans side of golgi to another site

44
Q

what is the relation between the golgi and ER ?

A

the golgi receives and modifies products made by the ER

45
Q

lysosome

A

membrane enclosed sac w/ digestive enzymes; recycling center of cell

46
Q

what / do lysosomes recycle ?

A

they fuse with food vacuoles or damaged organelles and release the materials into the cytosol

47
Q

vacuoles

A

large vesicles in endomembrane system w/ multiple functions

48
Q

contractile vacuoles

A

expels / maintains water in the cell

49
Q

central vacuole

A

only in plant cells; absorbs water / stores chemicals / waste

50
Q

phagocytosis

A

ingestion of solids into cells by vacuole formation

51
Q

is a food vacuole part of the endomembrane system ?

A

yes it brings nutrients in through plasma membrane

52
Q

endomembrane system

A

systems of cell compartments that separates biochemical activities; synthesis, distribution, storage / export of molecules

53
Q

organelles in the endomembrane system ?

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • ER
  • golgi
  • lysosomes
  • vacuoles / vesicles
  • plasma membrane
54
Q

organelles w/ a structural connection in the endomembrane system ?

A

nuclear envelope and ER

55
Q

organelles w/ functional connection in the endomembrane system ?

A

ER, golgi, plasma membrane

56
Q

peroxisomes

A

contains enzymes; transfers H to O to produce / prevent degradation of hydrogen peroxide

57
Q

how do transport vesicles help connect the endomembrane system ?

A

they move enclosed substances between structures

58
Q

mitochondria

A

two-membrane organelle where cellular respiration occurs; contains own DNA / capable of self-replication

59
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

mitochondria inner matrix where cellular respiration occurs

60
Q

inner membrane of mitochondria

A

encloses the matrix, has cristae

61
Q

cristae

A

folded surfaces in-order to increase surface area (more cristae = more surface area = more ATP from cellular respiration)

62
Q

cellular respiration formula

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

63
Q

chloroplasts

A

organelle that produces ATP in plants / algae; inner / outer membrane and contains own DNA / capable of self-replication

64
Q

stroma

A

inner region; dense fluid surrounding thylakoid where biochemical reactions occur

65
Q

thylakoid

A

contains chlorophyll where light reactions for photosynthesis occur

66
Q

stack / singular thylakoid

A

granum vs. grana

67
Q

photosynthesis formula

A

sunlight + CO2 + H2O = O2 + glucose

68
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein fibers help the cell with
- maintaining cell shape
- anchoring / movement of organelles
- muscle contraction
- amoeboid movement

69
Q

motor proteins

A

proteins interacting w/ cytoskeleton giving movement to whole / parts of cell

70
Q

microtubules

A

25nm; hollow tubes of globular tubulin proteins that support / shape the cell; found in spindle fibers, cilia, flagella and guides organelles w/ motor proteins

71
Q

intermediate filaments

A

10nm; fibrous proteins coiled together; reinfoces cell shape / anchor organelles in place

72
Q

microfilaments (actin filaments)

A

5nm; solid rod of twisted actin chains; form 3d networks within cell / help w/ cell movement, muscle contraction, amoeboid movement

73
Q

centrosome

A

in animal cells; where microtubules originate; in cell division

74
Q

fibers making up cytoskeleton from thickest to thinnest

A

microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

74
Q

component important to (A) holding nucleus in place, (B) guiding transport vesicles to plasma membrane, (C) contracting muscle cells ?

A

(A) intermediate filaments
(B) microtubules
(C) microfilaments

75
Q

cilia

A

short abundant appendages of microtubules; propel paramecium and push debris / mucus in the throat

75
Q

flagella

A

long appendage of microtubules arranged in “9+2” arrangement; usually singular / few for paramecium movement

76
Q

how do cilia and flagella move the cell ?

A

move by motor proteins like dyein attaching to outer microtubules pairs in the “9+2” arrangement

77
Q

“9+2” arrangement

A

9 paired microtubules (18) surround a single pair of microtubules (2)

78
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

only animal cells; mesh surrounding animal cells made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides (mainly collagen fibers); helps hold cell together / protect plasma membrane

79
Q

integrin

A

transmembrane protein interconnects / transmits signals between ECM and cytoskeleton

80
Q

structures providing support to plasma membrane ?

A

microfilaments in the cytoskeleton, glycoproteins / collagen fibers in the ECM

81
Q

tight junction

A

neighboring cells plasma membrane tightly knit together; prevents leak of fluids of across membranes

82
Q

anchoring junction

A

fastens cells together in strong sheets by intermediate filaments; for tissues under stress (skin, muscle, etc.)

83
Q

gap junction (communicating junction)

A

allows small molecules to go through protein-lined pores in the plasma membrane; flows of ions, etc.

84
Q

muscle tear injury involve rupture of what cell junction

A

anchoring junction

85
Q

cell wall

A

only plant cells; protects / supports plasma membrane; rigid / sturdy = keeps plants upright

86
Q

plasmodesmata

A

opening in cell wall; connect cytoplasm of neighboring cells

87
Q

cell wall layers

A
  • thin primary cell wall
  • secondary cell wall; when cell done growing
  • pectin layer; in-between cell walls of neighboring cells
88
Q

cell structures involved in genetic control

A

nucleus and ribosomes

89
Q

cell structures involved in manufacturing / distribution / breakdown of molecules

A

ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes

90
Q

cell structures involved in energy processing

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

91
Q

cell structures involved in support / movement / communication

A

cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, extracellular matrix (ECM), junctions, cell wall

92
Q

how do the mitochondria, smooth ER, cytoskeleton contribute to muscle contraction of muscle cells

A

mitochondria - gives ATP
smooth ER - regulates cell w/ calcium ions
cytoskeleton - microfilament contraction

BIO110 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions