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BIO110 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

Cellular Respiration

1
Q

photosynthesis

A

light energy —> chemical energy (sugar)

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2
Q

photosynthesis is done by what types of organisms ?

A
  • plants
  • algae
  • some protists
  • some prokaryotes
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3
Q

cellular respiration

A

chemical energy (sugar) —> ATP

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4
Q

cellular respiration is done by what types of organisms ?

A

practically all organisms

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5
Q

respiration

A

breathing; exchanging O2 and CO2

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6
Q

OIL RIG

A

Oxidation Is Lost
Reduction Is Gain

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7
Q

at the end of cellular respiration O2 becomes what ?

A

reduced to water (O2 —> H2O)

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8
Q

at the end of cellular respiration glucose becomes what ?

A

oxidized to CO2 (c6h12o6 —> CO2)

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9
Q

is cellular respiration an exergonic / endergonic reaction ?

A

exergonic
- the chem. energy in the bonds of glucose is released

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10
Q

what percent of energy produced is usable and released as heat ?

A

34% is usable
66% is released as heat

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11
Q

cellular respiration equation ?

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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12
Q

how many g of energy, in the form of glucose, does the brain need each day ?

A

120 g

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13
Q

the brain uses what percent of all energy consumption ?

A

20%

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14
Q

innate bodily functions and maintaining cells uses what percent of all energy consumption ?

A

75%

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15
Q

kilocalories

A

kcal / cal; energy unit
- a quantity of heat = to 1000kcal
- quantity of heat required to raise 1kg of H2O by 1°C

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16
Q

what is the energy (kcal) requirement also known as ?

A

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

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17
Q

avg adult needs how many kcal per day?

A

2200 kcal

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18
Q

kcal needed per day is dependent on what factors ?

A
  • age
  • sex
  • activity level
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19
Q

how do cells extract energy from fuel (glucose) ?

A

by transferring electrons

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20
Q

redox reactions

A

reduction-oxidation reactions; electrons lost (oxidized) from one substance and added (reduced) to another

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21
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electron; always goes with reduction

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22
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons; always goes with oxidation

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23
Q

what shows the transfer of electrons between substances ?

A

the movement of hydrogen atoms

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24
Q

NAD+

A

coenzyme that accepts electrons
- shuttles electrons in redox reactions

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25
Q

what does NAD+ turn into when it accepts electrons ?

A

NADH

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26
Q

dehydrogenase

A

transfers 2 H atoms from fuel —> NAD+ = NADH

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27
Q

what happens to the fuel when it is acted on by dehydrogenase ?

A

oxidized; it is losing electrons to dehydrogenase

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28
Q

what happens to the NAD+ when it is acted on by dehydrogenase ?

A

reduced; it is gaining electrons from dehydrogenase

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29
Q

ETC

A

electron transport chain; multiple electron carriers that shuttle electrons for a series of redox reactions

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30
Q

what is at the end of the ETC and why is it that substance ?

A

O2, because O2 is extremely electronegative and it attracts the electrons down the ETC

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31
Q

what is released during the ETC and what are those substances released used for ?

A

releases controlled amounts of ATP to produce ATP

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32
Q

1 glucose produces around how much ATP ?

A

32 ATP

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33
Q

stages of cellular respiration ?

A

1) glycolysis
2) pyruvate oxidation & citric acid cycle
3) oxidative phosphorylation

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34
Q

glycolysis

A
  • w/o O2 in cytosol
  • 9 total enzymatic reactions
  • produces ATP by substrate-lvl phosphorylation
  • breaks down glucose into two pyruvate
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35
Q

how much investment is needed to start glycolysis for cellular respiration ?

A

2 ATP

36
Q

NET yield of glycolysis ?

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 pyruvate
37
Q

substrate-lvl phosphorylation

A

form ATP by transferring phosphate group to ADP

38
Q

intermediates

A

compounds formed between the initial / final product

39
Q

steps of glycolysis in the “investment phase” ?

A

stages 1-4

40
Q

Stage 1-3 of glycolysis

A

stage 1 and 3 = ATP is added into glucose

41
Q

stage 4 of glycolysis

A

6C glucose splits into 2 3C G3P chains

42
Q

steps of glycolysis in the “energy payoff phase “

A

stages 5-9

43
Q

how many times does energy pay off phase run from 1 glucose ?

A

2 times; glucose is split into 2 G3P
- stages can run twice

44
Q

stage 5 of glycolysis

A

redox reaction generates NADH
- 2 phosphate groups add to G3P
- 2 NAD+ gain electrons from G3P

45
Q

stages 6-9 of glycolysis

A

ATP and pyruvate is produced
stage 6 = 2 ADP gains phosphate groups from G3P
stage 8 = H2O leaves
stage 9 = 2 ADP gains phosphate groups from G3P

46
Q

in glycolysis, how many total substrate phosphorylation reactions occur for 1 glucose molecule ?

A

4 total;
stage 6 = 2 reactions
stage 9 = 2 reactions

47
Q

how many times can pyruvate phosphorylation and citric acid cycle run per 1 glucose molecule ?

A

2 times;
- from the two pyruvate made form glycolysis

48
Q

pyruvate oxidation

A
  • needs O2 in mitochondria
  • turns pyruvate into acetyl CoA
49
Q

stages 1-3 of pyruvate oxidation

A

stage 1 = 1 CO2 leaves
stage 2 = NAD reduced into NADH + H+
stage 3 = coenzyme A joins

50
Q

NET yield of 1 turn of pyruvate oxidation ?

A

1 NADH + H+

51
Q

NET yield of pyruvate oxidation w/ 1 molecule of glucose ?

A

2 NADH + H+

52
Q

stage1 of citric acid cycle

A

acetyl CoA (2C) joins oxaloacetate (4C) to make citrate (6C)
- NAD+ reduced NADH + H+

53
Q

stage 2-3 of citric acid cycle

A

NADH, CO2 made during redox reaction
- CO2 leaves
- NAD+ becomes reduced to NADH + H+

54
Q

stage 3 of citric acid cycle

A

ATP made during redox reaction
- ADP + P reduced to ATP

55
Q

stage 4 of citric acid cycle

A

FADH2 made during redox reaction
- FAD reduced FADH2

56
Q

stage 5 of citric acid cycle

A

H2O joins

57
Q

stage 6 of citric acid cycle

A

NADH made during redox reaction
- NAD+ reduced to NADH + H+

58
Q

NET yield of one turn of the citric acid cycle

A
  • 1 ATP
  • 3 NADH + H+
  • 1 FADH2
59
Q

NET yield of citric acid cycle w/ one molecule of glucose ?

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 6 NADH + H+
  • 2 FADH2
60
Q

how much CO2 and ATP has been produced in glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle ?

A
  • 6 CO2 (all in stage 2)
  • 4 ATP (2 from each)
61
Q

total number of NADH and FADH2 produced from glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle ?

A
  • 10 NADH (2 : 2 : 6)
  • 2 FADH2 (only citric acid cycle)
62
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • w/ oxygen
  • intermembrane of mitochondria
  • ETC
  • chemiosmosis
63
Q

how does the ETC in oxidative phosphorylation work ?

A
  • electrons carriers (NADH / FADH2) transport electrons through ETC
  • 3 locations of electron transfers which actively transports(H+ ions) electrons into intermembrane space
  • all heading towards O2 at end of ETC
  • O2 then reduced to H20 by leftover H+ ions w/o electrons
64
Q

how does chemiosmosis in oxidative phosphorylation work ?

A
  • H+ ions in intermembrane space diffuse through ATP synthase back into mitochondrial matrix
  • ATP synthase’s internal rod rotates w/ diffusion of H+ ions
  • rotation activates sites that phosphorylate ADP —> ATP
65
Q

ATP synthase

A

group of membrane proteins in chemiosmosis working with the ETC
- uses energy of H+ ion concentration to produce ATP

66
Q

what affect would the absence of O2 have on oxidative phosphorylation ?

A

no O2 to pull electrons from electron carriers (FADH2 NADH) = electrons (H+) could not be harnessed to make ATP

67
Q

what step is majority of ATP produced in ?

A

step 3; oxidative phosphorylation
- 90% of ATP is made here

68
Q

NET yield of oxidative phosphorylation ?

A

about 28 ATP

69
Q

where is O2 used in cellular respiration ?

A

in step 3; oxidative phosphorylation

70
Q

where is CO2 produced in cellular respiration ?

A

in step 2; pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle

71
Q

fermentation

A

harvesting ATP w/o O2
- only step 1 glycolysis is used
- anaerobic path to recycle NADH —> NAD+

72
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

glycolysis w/ reduction of pyruvate —> lactate
- muscle cells and certain bacterial cells
- make cheese / yogurt

73
Q

how does lactic acid fermentation work ?

A

2 pyruvate reduced by the 2 NADH from glycolysis
- NADH —> NAD+ ; recycled back to glycolysis for reuse

74
Q

alcoholic fermentation

A

glycolysis w/ reduction of pyruvate —> ethyl alcohol
- yeast and certain bacterial cells

75
Q

how does alcoholic fermentation work ?

A

2 pyruvate reduced by 2 NADH from glycolysis
- 2 CO2 leave
- NADH —> NAD+ ; recycled back to glycolysis for reuse

76
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

require anaerobic conditions / poisoned by O2; only fermentation
- prokaryotes in stagnate H2O / deep in soil

77
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can do both fermentation / oxidative phosphorylation
- yeast for beer / wine
- will prefer oxidative phosphorylation since more efficient

78
Q

glucose fed yeast cell is moved from aerobic to anaerobic conditions, to continue making ATP at the same rate as anaerobic conditions, how would glucose consumption rate need to change ?

A

would need to consume the glucose 16x as fast in the anaerobic condition compared to the aerobic condition
- only 2 ATP anaerobically vs. 32 ATP aerobically (2 x 16 = 32)

79
Q

why is glycolysis assumed to be an ancient metabolic pathway ?

A
  • occurs universally (fermentation / respiration
  • does not require oxygen
  • does not occur in membrane close organelle
80
Q

where are sugars from carbohydrates used in cellular respiration ?

A

glucose (glycolysis)

81
Q

where are fatty acids from fats used in cellular respiration ?

A

acetyl CoA (pyruvate oxidation)

82
Q

where is glycerol from fatty acids used in cellular respiration ?

A

G3P (glycolysis)

83
Q

where are amino acids from proteins used in cellular respiration ?

A
  • pyruvate (glycolysis)
  • acetyl CoA (pyruvate oxidation)
  • oxaloacetate (citric acid cycle)
84
Q

how does rotenone (rat poisoning) affect cellular respiration ?

A

displaces O2 in oxidative phosphorylation
- prevents H+ from attaching to last electron carrier (O2)

85
Q

how does cyanide / carbon monoxide affect cellular respiration ?

A

displaces O2 in oxidative phosphorylation
- prevents H+ from attaching to last electron carrier (O2)

86
Q

how does DNP affect cellular respiration ?

A

causes H+ to leak through membrane
- less and less H+ going to ATP synthase = less ATP made

87
Q

how does oligomycin affect cellular respiration ?

A

prevents ATP synthase from occurring

BIO110 (12 decks)

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