Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO110 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

Pattern's of Inheritance

1
Q

study of genetics can be traced back to what greek physician ?

A

hippocrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

“blending” hypothesis

A

heredity material from male and female parent blend together to get a mix of both within the offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why was the “blending” hypothesis rejected ?

A

it did not explain why some traits disappear in one gen. then reappear in later gens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a female bird w/ a yellow beak bred w/ a male bird w/ a blue beak will lead to what color beak according to the blending hypothesis ?

A

offspring w/ green beaks only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

heredity

A

transmission of traits from one gen. to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

genetics

A

the scientific study of heredity
- modern work began by gregor mendel in 19th century (1800s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

main point of mendel’s research ?

A

heritable factors (genes) retain their individuality from gen. to gen.
- no blending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

character

A

heritable feature that varies among a population
- eye color, hair color, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

trait

A

variant of a character within a population
- black hair / eyes, blonde hair, blue eyes, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

carpel of a pea flower

A

contains eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

stamens of a pea flower

A

releases sperm-containing pollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

true-breeding

A

sexual reproduction where offspring produced are identical to parent
- organisms are homozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hybrids

A

offspring that differ in one or more inherited traits from parents of different species / same species parents but from two different true-breeding pools
- heterozygous for one or more genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cross

A

mating of two sexually reproducing organisms
- controlled mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the three generations in inheritance (P, F1, F2)

A
  • parental gen. (grandparents; true-breeding)
  • first filial gen. (parents; hybrid gen.)
  • second filial gen. (grandchildren)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is always the outcome between two different true-breeding organisms ?

A

offspring will always be hybrids
- will always display the dominant allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

F2 gen. phenotype ratio of monohybrid cross?

A

3 : 1 (dominant : recessive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

F2 gen. genotype ratio of monohybrid cross?

A

1 : 2 : 1 (XX : Xx : xx)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

F1 gen. must contain what two factors ?

A

both dominant and recessive alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

first law of inheritance

A

there are alt. versions of genes that account for inherited characters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

second law of inheritance

A

for each character, organism inherits two, one from each parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

third law of inheritance

A

if two alleles differ, then one determines the appearance and the other is masked
- dominant masks recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

fourth law of inheritance

A

sperm / eggs carry only one allele for each inherited characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

allele

A

alt version of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
homozygous
having two identical alleles for a gene
26
heterozygous
having two different alleles are a gene
27
dominant allele
allele that determines organisms phenotype when heterozygous
28
recessive allele
no noticeable effect on organism when heterozygous
29
law of segregation
two alleles separate during meiosis (I) - each gamete results in only one allele for each gene
30
punnet square
diagram used to show random fertilization inheritance
31
genotype
genetic makeup of organism
32
phenotype
expressed traits of organism
33
what law of inheritance explains why traits that disappear in F1 gen. reappear in F2 gen. ?
law of segregation - fusion of gametes creates allele pairs once again
34
how can two plants w/ different genotype have same phenotype ?
one could be homozygous dominant and the other heterozygous
35
locus
site where gene is found on chromosome - homologs have same loci sites
36
what step of meiosis is the segregation of alleles occurring ?
during meiosis I, when homologs separate
37
monohybrid cross
mating between HETEROZYGOUS organisms for ONE character
38
dihybrid cross
mating between HETEROZYGOUS organisms for more than two characters
39
law of independent assortment
pair of alleles segregate independently of other pairs - inheritance of one character does not affect inheritance of another
40
F2 gen. phenotype ratio of dihybrid cross ?
9 : 3 : 3 : 1 (normal/normal, normal/affected, affected/normal, affected affected)
41
testcross
mating between unknown dom. organism (XX / Xx) and recessive organism
42
rule of multiplication
probability of multiple independent events happening at once
43
rule of addition
the probability of the same event occurring in two or more alt. ways
44
pedigree
family genetic tree showcasing heritable traits across gens.
45
mutant trait
trait less common in nature
46
wild type
trait most common in nature
47
carriers
organism who is heterozygous for recessively inherited disorder - do not show symptoms
48
complete dominance
type of inheritance where phenotypes of heterozygote and homozygous dom. are identical
49
incomplete dominance
type of inheritance where phenotypes of heterozygote is completely new / different from homozygous dom. / recessive parent
50
F2 phenotypic ratio of organism w/ a characteristic that displays incomplete dominance
1 : 2 : 1 (dom. : hetero. : recessive)
51
why doesn't a cross between organisms that display incomplete dominance for a characteristic support the blending hypothesis ?
because not all of the offspring will be a blend between both parents, some will inherit the same exact phenotype as one of the parents
52
ABO blood group
blood phenotypes in humans arising for 3 alleles of a single gene
53
why is it important for blood donors to be the same blood type as blood recipients ?
introducing a different blood type w/ a foreign carbohydrate will cause the recipients immune system to produce antibodies; making the blood clump which can lead to death
54
codominance
inheritance pattern where in heterozygotes express traits of both dom. / recessive alleles
55
pleiotropy
single gene controls more than one phenotypic trait
56
polygenic inheritance
two or more genes influence one characteristic
57
difference between pleiotropy and polygenic inheritance
OPPOSITES; pleiotropy = one gene influences multiple characters polygenic = multiple genes influence one character
58
what are the two main things that influence characters ?
heredity / environment - combination of both affect all characters
59
If most characters result from combo of environment / heredity, why was mendel able to ignore environmental influences in his pea plants ?
all characteristics were determines by heredity AND he maintained a controlled and same environment for all of them
60
how does heredity / environmental factors affect ABO blood group ?
heredity = very specific phenotype w/ NO environmental influence environmental = how much RBC is in the blood (overall health / lifestyle)
61
chromosome theory of inheritance
- genes are located on chromosomes - behavior of chromosomes during meiosis / fertilization influence inheritance patterns
62
which law has their physical basis in the following phases of meiosis: 1) the orientation of homologous chromosome pairs in metaphase I 2) the separation of homologous chromosomes in anaphase I?
1) law of independent assortment 2) law of segregation
63
sex chromosomes
chromosomes that determine sex; X / Y
64
sex-linked genes
gene located on a sex chromosome (X / Y)
65
where are majority of sex-linked genes on ?
X chromosome - Y is much smaller and less significant
66
X-linked gene
gene located on X chromosome
67
inheritance pattern of X-linked genes
majority of sex-linked genes are X-linked - males have 1 copy - females have 2
68
how are females affected by X-linked genes ?
only if both X chromosomes are affected by the gene - if only one chromosome is affected = carrier
69
how are males affected by X-linked genes ?
if their only X chromosome is affected
70
autosomal dominant traits are passed down how ?
dom. allele from at least one parent
71
autosomal recessive traits are passed down how ?
recessive allele from BOTH parents

BIO110 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions