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BIO110 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

Pattern's of Inheritance

1
Q

study of genetics can be traced back to what greek physician ?

A

hippocrates

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2
Q

“blending” hypothesis

A

heredity material from male and female parent blend together to get a mix of both within the offspring

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3
Q

why was the “blending” hypothesis rejected ?

A

it did not explain why some traits disappear in one gen. then reappear in later gens.

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4
Q

a female bird w/ a yellow beak bred w/ a male bird w/ a blue beak will lead to what color beak according to the blending hypothesis ?

A

offspring w/ green beaks only

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5
Q

heredity

A

transmission of traits from one gen. to the next

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6
Q

genetics

A

the scientific study of heredity
- modern work began by gregor mendel in 19th century (1800s)

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7
Q

main point of mendel’s research ?

A

heritable factors (genes) retain their individuality from gen. to gen.
- no blending

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8
Q

character

A

heritable feature that varies among a population
- eye color, hair color, etc.

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9
Q

trait

A

variant of a character within a population
- black hair / eyes, blonde hair, blue eyes, etc.

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10
Q

carpel of a pea flower

A

contains eggs

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11
Q

stamens of a pea flower

A

releases sperm-containing pollen

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12
Q

true-breeding

A

sexual reproduction where offspring produced are identical to parent
- organisms are homozygous

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13
Q

hybrids

A

offspring that differ in one or more inherited traits from parents of different species / same species parents but from two different true-breeding pools
- heterozygous for one or more genes

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14
Q

cross

A

mating of two sexually reproducing organisms
- controlled mating

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15
Q

the three generations in inheritance (P, F1, F2)

A
  • parental gen. (grandparents; true-breeding)
  • first filial gen. (parents; hybrid gen.)
  • second filial gen. (grandchildren)
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16
Q

what is always the outcome between two different true-breeding organisms ?

A

offspring will always be hybrids
- will always display the dominant allele

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17
Q

F2 gen. phenotype ratio of monohybrid cross?

A

3 : 1 (dominant : recessive)

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18
Q

F2 gen. genotype ratio of monohybrid cross?

A

1 : 2 : 1 (XX : Xx : xx)

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19
Q

F1 gen. must contain what two factors ?

A

both dominant and recessive alleles

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20
Q

first law of inheritance

A

there are alt. versions of genes that account for inherited characters

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21
Q

second law of inheritance

A

for each character, organism inherits two, one from each parent

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22
Q

third law of inheritance

A

if two alleles differ, then one determines the appearance and the other is masked
- dominant masks recessive

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23
Q

fourth law of inheritance

A

sperm / eggs carry only one allele for each inherited characteristics

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24
Q

allele

A

alt version of a gene

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25
Q

homozygous

A

having two identical alleles for a gene

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26
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles are a gene

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27
Q

dominant allele

A

allele that determines organisms phenotype when heterozygous

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28
Q

recessive allele

A

no noticeable effect on organism when heterozygous

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29
Q

law of segregation

A

two alleles separate during meiosis (I)
- each gamete results in only one allele for each gene

30
Q

punnet square

A

diagram used to show random fertilization inheritance

31
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of organism

32
Q

phenotype

A

expressed traits of organism

33
Q

what law of inheritance explains why traits that disappear in F1 gen. reappear in F2 gen. ?

A

law of segregation
- fusion of gametes creates allele pairs once again

34
Q

how can two plants w/ different genotype have same phenotype ?

A

one could be homozygous dominant and the other heterozygous

35
Q

locus

A

site where gene is found on chromosome
- homologs have same loci sites

36
Q

what step of meiosis is the segregation of alleles occurring ?

A

during meiosis I, when homologs separate

37
Q

monohybrid cross

A

mating between HETEROZYGOUS organisms for ONE character

38
Q

dihybrid cross

A

mating between HETEROZYGOUS organisms for more than two characters

39
Q

law of independent assortment

A

pair of alleles segregate independently of other pairs
- inheritance of one character does not affect inheritance of another

40
Q

F2 gen. phenotype ratio of dihybrid cross ?

A

9 : 3 : 3 : 1 (normal/normal, normal/affected, affected/normal, affected affected)

41
Q

testcross

A

mating between unknown dom. organism (XX / Xx) and recessive organism

42
Q

rule of multiplication

A

probability of multiple independent events happening at once

43
Q

rule of addition

A

the probability of the same event occurring in two or more alt. ways

44
Q

pedigree

A

family genetic tree showcasing heritable traits across gens.

45
Q

mutant trait

A

trait less common in nature

46
Q

wild type

A

trait most common in nature

47
Q

carriers

A

organism who is heterozygous for recessively inherited disorder
- do not show symptoms

48
Q

complete dominance

A

type of inheritance where phenotypes of heterozygote and homozygous dom. are identical

49
Q

incomplete dominance

A

type of inheritance where phenotypes of heterozygote is completely new / different from homozygous dom. / recessive parent

50
Q

F2 phenotypic ratio of organism w/ a characteristic that displays incomplete dominance

A

1 : 2 : 1 (dom. : hetero. : recessive)

51
Q

why doesn’t a cross between organisms that display incomplete dominance for a characteristic support the blending hypothesis ?

A

because not all of the offspring will be a blend between both parents, some will inherit the same exact phenotype as one of the parents

52
Q

ABO blood group

A

blood phenotypes in humans arising for 3 alleles of a single gene

53
Q

why is it important for blood donors to be the same blood type as blood recipients ?

A

introducing a different blood type w/ a foreign carbohydrate will cause the recipients immune system to produce antibodies; making the blood clump which can lead to death

54
Q

codominance

A

inheritance pattern where in heterozygotes express traits of both dom. / recessive alleles

55
Q

pleiotropy

A

single gene controls more than one phenotypic trait

56
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

two or more genes influence one characteristic

57
Q

difference between pleiotropy and polygenic inheritance

A

OPPOSITES;
pleiotropy = one gene influences multiple characters
polygenic = multiple genes influence one character

58
Q

what are the two main things that influence characters ?

A

heredity / environment
- combination of both affect all characters

59
Q

If most characters result from combo of environment / heredity, why was mendel able to ignore environmental influences in his pea plants ?

A

all characteristics were determines by heredity AND he maintained a controlled and same environment for all of them

60
Q

how does heredity / environmental factors affect ABO blood group ?

A

heredity = very specific phenotype w/ NO environmental influence
environmental = how much RBC is in the blood (overall health / lifestyle)

61
Q

chromosome theory of inheritance

A
  • genes are located on chromosomes
  • behavior of chromosomes during meiosis / fertilization influence inheritance patterns
62
Q

which law has their physical basis in the following phases of meiosis:
1) the orientation of homologous chromosome pairs in metaphase I
2) the separation of homologous chromosomes in anaphase I?

A

1) law of independent assortment
2) law of segregation

63
Q

sex chromosomes

A

chromosomes that determine sex; X / Y

64
Q

sex-linked genes

A

gene located on a sex chromosome (X / Y)

65
Q

where are majority of sex-linked genes on ?

A

X chromosome
- Y is much smaller and less significant

66
Q

X-linked gene

A

gene located on X chromosome

67
Q

inheritance pattern of X-linked genes

A

majority of sex-linked genes are X-linked
- males have 1 copy
- females have 2

68
Q

how are females affected by X-linked genes ?

A

only if both X chromosomes are affected by the gene
- if only one chromosome is affected = carrier

69
Q

how are males affected by X-linked genes ?

A

if their only X chromosome is affected

70
Q

autosomal dominant traits are passed down how ?

A

dom. allele from at least one parent

71
Q

autosomal recessive traits are passed down how ?

A

recessive allele from BOTH parents

BIO110 (12 decks)

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