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Exercise Physiology > Final Part 3 > Flashcards

Final Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Main function of Pulmonary System

A

gas exchange

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2
Q

4 Processes of Pulmonary System

A 
Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing): movement of air in and out of lungs
Pulmonary Diffusion: exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
Transport of O2 and CO2 via blood stream
Capillary Gas Exchange: exchange of O2 and CO2
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3
Q

Internal vs External Respiration

A

Internal= Pulmonary Ventilation and Pulmonary Diffusion

External: Transport and Capillary Gas Exchange

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4
Q

Nasal and Oral Cavities

A
  • Mainly nose, but mouth used when demand exceeds Nasal Capacity
  • Air entering nasal cavities swirls through the irregular surfaces (nasal conchae) lined with mucus and cilia. As it does so, air is brought to 37 degrees C, 100% RH, and filtered of particles
  • All air particles lined with cilia and mucus. Cilia beat toward larynx
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5
Q

Pharynx

A

throat.

free passage of air and food

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6
Q

Larynx

A

voice box

9 cartilages

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7
Q

Vocal Folds

A

Speech sounds

folds on larynx surface. air vibrates through folds to produce songs. muscle contraction moves cartilages to change tension on folds

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8
Q

Epiglottis

A

lid on larynx

  • normally, larynx open for air to reach lungs
  • swallowing causes epiglottis to close off larynx and any particles called are directed down esophagus
  • if particles get past epiglottis, cough reflex initiated to expel object
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9
Q

Trachea

A

windpipe.
4” non-collapsible tube

c-shaped rings of cartilage reinforce walls, keep trachea open despite pressure changes of breathing

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10
Q

Primary Bronchi

A
  • trachea splits and plunges into lungs
  • R and L primary bronchus

primary bronchi split into secondary bronchi, which split into tertiary, which then split into bronchioles

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11
Q

bronchioles

A

branches off bronchi

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12
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

smallest bronchioles

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13
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

terminal bronchioles that have alveoli leading directly off them

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14
Q

alveolar ducts

A

smal ducts leading from terminal bronchioles which have clusters of alveoli extending off them

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15
Q

alveoli

A

small, elastic, thin-walled membranous sacs, allow for gas diffusion

-alveolus lined with thin layer of fluid

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16
Q

Epiglottis function

A

routing of food and air

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17
Q

of alveoli and SA provided

A

> 600 million

SA= 85 m2 (about 35x body external SA or about 1/2 tennis court)

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18
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

outer membrane of lungs

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19
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

lines thoracic wall (rib cage)

20
Q

Functions of Serous Fluid in Pleural Cavity

A
  • eliminates friction when membranes slide over each other

- indirect connector: when one pleura moves, other pleura moves

21
Q

Low Volume in Breathing Mechanics

A

low P, Pi < Pb air flows in until equal

22
Q

High Volume in Breathing Mechanics

A

high P, Pi > Pb air flows out until equal

23
Q

Muscles involved in rest and during exercise for inhalation

A

contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals doesn’t provide enough expansion to support exercise, so more muscles are recruited to help

-Sternocleiodmastoid
-Scalenes
-Pectorals
-Serratus Anterior
-Trapezius
Pull rib cage up and back

24
Q

Muscles involved in rest and during exercise for exhalation

A

also needs more help than just recoil from relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

Internal intercostals: collapse rib cage
Abdominals: push diaphragm up durther

25
Q

Breathing frequency

A

Rest: f=12 br/min
Exercise: f= up to 70r/min

26
Q

Pulmonary Diffusion

A

Law of Leplace—-> P=2ST/r

Surfactant reduces ST

27
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

pressure exerted outwards from blood on capillary wall (15 mmHg)

28
Q

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

A

pressure caused by proteins in blood shot creates a force that pulls fluid from interstitial into capillary (25 mmHg)

29
Q

HP and COP

A
  • as long as COP > HP, interstitium dry and diffusion occurs

- if HP > COP, interstitial wet and diffusion hampered

30
Q

Laws of Diffusion

A

Diffusion a SA
Diffusion a 1/thickness of alveolar membrane
Diffusion is dependent on a partial pressure gradient

31
Q

Goal of Diffusion

A

Equilibrium

32
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture

Pt= P1 + P2 + P3 +……..+ Pn

33
Q

Partial Pressures

A
  • pressure that a gas exerts independently in a gas mixture

- –Px = Pt (fraction of x in total mixture)

34
Q

% of gases in dry air

A

20.93% O2
0.03% CO2
79.04 N2
0% H2O

35
Q

Why are partial pressures in body different from what’s calculated

A

because air entering lungs mixes with residual lung voumes

36
Q

strongest stimulus to breath

A

high CO2

37
Q

Pulmonary response to exercise

A
  • At onset of exercise, immediate marked rise in ventilation due to body movement followed by a gradual rise due to changes in temperature and chemical concentrations
  • Post-exercise, breathing takes a few minutes to return to normal, EPOC
  • active recovery returns lactate and pH to normal faster than passive recovery, mainly due to keeping blood flow and ventilation elevated
38
Q

pulmonary adaptations to training

A

few pulmonary adaptations to training because CV system is primary limiter of performance, not respiratory

39
Q

O2 transport

A
  • 2% in plasma establishes PO2
  • 98% bound to hemoglobin
  • –dependent on PO2
  • –cooperative binding
  • ——hemoglobin changes formation with unloading/loading of O2
40
Q

Hemoglobin changed formation with unloading/loading of O2

A
  • as Hb binds 1 O2, Hb more readily binds more O2

- as Hb offloads O2, O2 more easily offloads from Hb

41
Q

CO2 transport

A
  • 7% in plasma establishes PCO2
  • 23% bound to Hb-carbaminoHb
  • –Haldane Effect
  • 70% as bicarbonate ion
  • -Carbonic Anhydrase Reaction
  • -Chloride Shift
42
Q

Chloride Shift

A

exchange of Cl- and HCOS- between blood and RBC to maintain ionic equilibrium

43
Q

normal blood pH

A

7.4

44
Q

ph of 7.0

A

nausea, headache, dizziness, pain, in active muscles

45
Q

3 Mechanisms of pH regulation

A
  1. chemical buffers
  2. rapid, first line defense
  3. Sodium Bicarbonate and Lactic Acid Reaction
46
Q

2 Ventilatory Regulation

A
  • CO2 produced from chemical buffers can be blown off at lungs
  • Slower but more powerful than chemical buffers
47
Q

renal buffers

A

slowest but most powerful buffering capability

accomplished through complex reactions that secrete H+ in urine

Exercise Physiology (17 decks)

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