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Exercise Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Heart Chamber Types

A

Atrias

Ventricles

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2
Q

Atria

A

blood reservoir, primer pumps

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3
Q

Ventricles

A

main force for blood movement through body

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4
Q

RIGHT SIDE

A

to lungs

pulmonary circuit

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5
Q

LEFT SIDE

A

to body

systemic circuit

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6
Q

trace BF thru heart

A
  • inferior and superior vena cavae
  • right atrium
  • tricupsid valve
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary semilunar valve
  • pulmonary arteries
  • lungs
  • pulmonary veins
  • left atrium
  • bicupsid valve
  • left ventricle
  • aortic semilunar valve
  • aorta
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7
Q

3 heart wall layers

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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8
Q

epicardium

A

outer connective tissue

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9
Q

myocardium

A

middle muscular layer

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10
Q

endocardium

A

inner, endothelium overlaying a think connective layer

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11
Q

septum

A

muscular wall separating L and R halves of heart

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12
Q

pericardium

A

triple layer bad that surrounds and protects heart

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13
Q

purpose of Heart Valves

A

prevent back flow of blood, ensuring one-way blood flow

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14
Q

Heart Valves open/close passively

A

open and close passively with pressure of blood against them

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15
Q

AV Valves

A
  • thin walls
  • open when pressure in atria higher than in ventricles
  • close with retrograde pressure of blood against valves
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16
Q

Purpose of Chorea Tendinae and Papillary Muscles

A

-chordae tendon attach to pointed ends of cusps, which are attached to papillary muscles (arise from ventricles). when ventricles contract, papillary muscles contract, pulling down on cusps, preventing AV valves from reopening during ventricular contraction and causing leakage of blood into atria

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17
Q

SV valves

A
  • thicker walls
  • open when ventricular pressure exceed arterial pressures
  • close as blood flows backward and fills cusps
  • no chordae tendon or papillary muscles
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18
Q

3 classes of tissue in Myocardium

A
  • Atrial Contractile
  • Ventricular Contractile
  • Specialized Conductive
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19
Q

Specialized Conductive

A

little contractile ability ; rhythmicity and varying confection rates

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20
Q

Tissue in myocardium

A
  • striated
  • sacromeres
  • crossbridge cycle
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21
Q

Synctical Arrangement in Myocardium

A

Intercalated Disks

  • Gap Junctions
  • Desosomes
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22
Q

Gap Junctions

A

diffusion of ions between fibers with very little electrical response

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23
Q

Desosomes

A

adhering junctions

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24
Q

Major importance of synctical arrangement

A

that 1 impulse spreads to all fibers in synctium

25
Q

2 synctia

A

Atrial and Ventricular

-except for small bundle of specialized its, atria and ventricles separated by fibrous tisue

26
Q

Autoconduction

A

create own AP

  • no need for innervation
  • no fiver type diffs- similar to ST
  • all fibers highly oxidative
27
Q

Autoconduction + Syncytical Arrangement

A

Autorhythmicity

28
Q

What allows us to Autoconduct

A
  • Pacemaker potentials and funny currents
  • As the membrane depolarized from previous AP, increase negativity causes opening of Na+ channels, depolarizing membrane toward TP
  • most conductive fivers can auto conduct
  • fibers leakiest to Na+ depolarize fastest setting pace for entire heart
29
Q

What accounts for plateau in AP

A
  • opening of L (long-lasting) type Ca++ channels
  • -prolongedentry of Ca++
  • low membrane permeability to K+
  • -K+ flows out more slowly
  • delays repolarization
30
Q

refractory periods-significance

A
  • ventricular absolute refractory period is 0.25-0.3 seconds prevent tetany
  • atrial refractory periods-0.15 seconds
  • -possible for atrial rate to be faster than ventricular rate
31
Q

Ca++ and contractive force

A
  • high extracellular Ca++ levels enhance contraction

- low extracellular Ca++ levels inhibit contraction

32
Q

SA Node

A
  • greatest Na+ permeability
  • sinus rhythm
  • pacemaker
  • AP travels outward from SA node in wave-like fashion throughout atria
  • interatrial band
  • anterior, middle, posterior internal tracts
33
Q

AV Node

A
  • conducts impulse from atria to ventricles
  • bundle of HIS
  • bundle branches
  • purkinje fibers
34
Q

Pause duration and purposes of AV Node

A

delays delivery of signal to ventricles by 0.1 second, allowing time for ventricular filling and AV valve closure

35
Q

Purpose of specialized ventricular conduction system

A

-net effect of specialized ventricular conduction system is to allow simultaneous contraction of all parts of the ventricles (6x normal ventricular fiber conduction speed)

36
Q

Chronotropic Regulation

A

affects heart rate

37
Q

Inotropic Regulation

A

affects contractive force

38
Q

What greatly affects both chronotropic and isotropic regulation?

A

exercise.

39
Q

Frank-Starling Mechanism

A

-increase in venous return–> increase stretch on cardiac fibers–>increase recoil open contraction–> increase contractive force

40
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

SNS: Sympathetic Nervous System
PNS: Parasympathetic Nervous System

41
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Accelerator Nerve
  • Physical and Emotional Stress
  • NE: associated with increase Na+ and Ca++ permeability—>depolarizes membrane —-> increases Heart Rate
  • increase Ca++ permeability—> increase contractive force
42
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Vagus Nerve (CN X)
  • Vagal Tone
  • ACh- Associated with increase in K+ permeability–> hyper polarizes membrane —> decrease Heart Rate
  • ACh reduces___ released into cytosol during the “Plateau Phase” of AP and increase the conductance of the Slow Potassium Channels shortening the “Plateau Phase” and hastening depolarization
  • -weak compared to the capacity of PNS to modulate HR
43
Q

Vagal Tone and Body Temperature

A

high Tb–> increase membrane permeability to Na+ and Ca++—> increase heart rate and contractive force
low Tb–> opposite effect

44
Q

Vagal Tone and Proprioceptors

A

when movement detected-SNS stimulation

45
Q

Vagal Tone and E/NE

A
  • released due to SNS stimulation

- effects same as SNS

46
Q

Vagal Tone and Baroreceptors

A
  • stretch/pressure receptor in aorta and carotids
  • –low BP—> SNS Stimulation
  • –high BP—> PNS stimulation
47
Q

Vagal Tone and Chemoreceptors

A
  • sensitive to chemical concentrations in blood; located in aorta and carotids
  • low O2, high CO2, and low pH (high H+)–> SNS stimulations
48
Q

Diastole

A

phase of cardiac cycle when myocardium relaxed

49
Q

Systole

A

phase of cardiac cycle when myocardium contracted

50
Q

Atrial Diastole

A
  • pressure in atria before contraction=0 mmhm

- 70% EDV enters passively from atria to ventricles

51
Q

Atrial Systole

A
  • last 30% filling
  • primer pumps for ventricles
  • preload: load to which a muscle is subjected before shortening
  • closing AV valves end
52
Q

Ventricular Diastole

A
  • 1st 1/3 rapid filling - 70% EDV
  • 2nd 1/3 little filling
  • 3rd 1/3 atrial systole-last 30% EDV
  • closing AV valves ends
  • EDV (End Diastolic Volume) increase from rest to exercise
53
Q

EDV

A

End Diastolic Volume

volume of blood in left ventricle at end of ventricular diastole

54
Q

Ventricular Systole

A
  • isovolumetric contraction
  • 1st 1/3-70% of SV ejected
  • afterload: the resistance against which left ventricle pumps
  • isovolumetric relaxation
  • ESV (end systolic volume) decrease from rest to exercise
55
Q

Isovolumetric Contraction

A

when semilunar valves open, blood flows quickly and with high P into aorta and pulmonary arteries

56
Q

ESV

A

End Systolic Volume

blood remanned in LV at the end of ventricular systole

57
Q

SV

A

stroke volume
volume of blood pumped from LV

SV=EDV-ESV
-increase from rest to exercise

58
Q

EF

A

Ejection Fraction
proportion of blood pumped out of LV w/each beat

  • EF=SV/EDV
  • at rest, avg EF=60-70%
  • exercise can increase EF to 80-90%
  • unhealthy EF <30-40
59
Q

Q

A

Cardiac Output
Q=HR*SV
Rest: Q=5 L/min
Exercise: increase Q to 25 L/min

Exercise Physiology (17 decks)

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