Ch 2: Fuel for Exercise: Quiz 1

Question 1

Bioenergetics

Answer 1

ATP Formation

Question 2

Energy

Answer 2

the capacity to perform work

Question 3

Laws of Thermodynamics

Answer 3

1. Energy is never created or destroyed; it only changes from one form to another
2. Entropy is always increasing in the universe

Question 4

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 4

• Everything tends to disorder. To reorder part of universe, we must put energy into it.
• No system is 100% efficient. Some energy is lost as heat. Heat lost to outside not used productively. We can look at amount of heat produced as the inefficiency of the system.
• We measure energy in the body as a measure of the amount of heat produced in the kilocalorie

Question 5

1 kilocalorie

Answer 5

energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water from 14.5 to 15.5 C

Question 6

Coupled Reactions

Answer 6

• linked reactions, with energy made in one reaction being used to drive a second reaction
• Oxidation-reductions (REDOX) reactions are an important type of coupled reaction

Question 7

Energy transfer in the body

Answer 7

• occurs via release of energy trapped within chemical bonds of various molecules
• chemical bonds containing relatively large amounts of potential energy are often called “high energy” bonds
• endergonic reactions
• exergonic reactions
• in body, energy is usually released in many small, controlled steps, as opposed to 1 single reaction

Question 8

endergonic reactions

Answer 8

require energy be added to reactants

Question 9

exergonic reactions

Answer 9

give off energy

Question 10

Oxidation

Answer 10

removing an electron from an atom or molecule

Question 11

Reduction

Answer 11

addition of an electron to an atom or molecule

Question 12

REDOX

Answer 12

oxidation and reduction always coupled

Question 13

Often, REDOX reactions involve the transfer of H+ atoms rather than free electrons.

Answer 13

• hydrogen atom contains 1 electron, so an atom or molecule that loses a hydrogen atom loses an electron and is oxidized, the molecule that gains the hydrogen (and electron) is reduced.
• two molecules play important roles in the transfer of hydrogens, NAD+ and FAD+. Reduced forms are NADH+, H+ and FADH2

Question 14

Enzymes

Answer 14

• speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
• “Lock and Key Mechanism”
• not used up in reaction
• enzyme activity measured by rate at which substrates converted to products (influenced by several factors, especially temperature and pH)

Question 15

Catabolism

Answer 15

big molecule to small molecules

Question 16

Anabolism

Answer 16

small molecules to big molecule

Question 17

Coenzyme

Answer 17

• complex, non-protein, organic molecules that associate closely with an enzyme
• an enzyme dependent on a coenzyme will not function optimally without enough coenzyme.
• B vitamins and Mg+ are coenzymes for many enzymes of carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism
• without coenzyme, metabolism slows

Question 18

carbohydrate

Answer 18

• 1:2:1 ratio of C, H, & O
• glucose
• sucrose (disaccharide) [glucose + fructose]
• polyssacharides
• 4.1 kcal/g CHO

Question 19

polysaccharides

Answer 19

plant form
-cellulose (fiber)
-starch
animal form (glycogen)
-glucose polymer
-storage (muscles, liver)
-glycogenesis-glycogen synthase
-glycogenolysis-glycogen phosphorylase

Question 20

Fats (Lipids)

Answer 20

• greater C/O ratio that CHO
• large stores (store more fat than carbohydrate)
• 9.4 kcal/g fat (most efficient fuel to use)
• harder to activate (slowest/hardest to use)
• prolonged, low intensity exercise
• triglycerides

Question 21

triglycerides (storage fats)

Answer 21

• 1 Glycerol + 3 Free Fatty Acids (FFAs)

- Lipolysis-lipases

Question 22

Saturated or Unsaturated fats are better? and Why?

Answer 22

Unsaturated fats are better because there is a smaller calorie content. Big health component-cell membrane,etc. More fluid

Question 23

Proteins

Answer 23

• long chains of amino acids (aa’s)
• must break into aa’s and remove N before using for energy (happens during urea cycle)
• 2-3% of energy at rest
• 5-10% in prolonged submax exercise
• 4.1 kcal/g protein

Question 24

High Energy Phosphates

Answer 24

-ATP= 1 adenine + 1 ribose + 3P
-Making ATP requires much energy. We link exergonic reactions to endergonic ones to form ATP
-Synthesis (ADP + Pi + E–> ATP)
-Breakdown
(ATP —> ADP + Pi + E) By ATPase. Energy used to do bodily work

Question 25

Bioenergetics

Answer 25

• Muscle cells store limited amounts of ATP
• Metabolic Pathways produce ATP rapidly
• Aerobic vs. Anaerobic

Question 26

Aerobic

Answer 26

requires oxygen

Question 27

Anaerobic

Answer 27

doesn’t require oxygen

Question 28

Basic Energy Systems

Answer 28

1. ATP-PCr system
2. Glycolytic System
3. Oxidative System

Question 29

ATP-PCr System

Answer 29

“phosphagen system”
cytoplasm
anaerobic

Question 30

Glycolytic System

Answer 30

cytoplasm

anaerobic

Question 31

Oxidative System

Answer 31

aerobic

mitochondria

Question 32

Red Blood Cells

Answer 32

carries oxygen

anaerobic (no cytoplasm)

Question 33

ATP-PCr/Phosphagen System

Answer 33

Phosphocreatine (PCr)- high-energy molecule in muscle used to reform ATP

Sources: Food; red meat/meat. Fish (best source) Body manufactures creatine in liver and kidney

• Anaerobic
• Cytoplasm
• Simplest (one reaction/one enzyme)
• Quickest
• Provides energy at onset of exercise and to sustain high intensity muscular activity for - 10 sec.

can’t make phosphocreatine until you are in recovery

Question 34

ATP-PCr System

Answer 34

limitation: muscle cells store only small amounts of PCr.

need ATP to form PCr

• can’t do until recovery
• 50-70% restored in 30 sec
• Full recovery in 10-30 min.

creatine supplementation

• quicker recovery
• most studies show more work when exercise is repeated

Question 35

Control of ATP-PCr System Creatine Kinase (CK)

Answer 35

PCr breakdown catalyzed by CK

CK controls rate of ATP production

• negative feedback system
• when ATP levels decreases (ADP increases) CK activity increases
• when ATP levels increase, CK activity decreases

Question 36

Glycolytic System

Answer 36

• anaerobic
• cytoplasm
• ATP yield: 2 to 3 mol ATP/ 1 mol substrate
• duration: 15 s to 2 min