Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exercise Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine gland

A

ductless gland that secretes its product (hormone) directly into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hormone

A

chemical substance synthesized and secreted by an endocrine gland into the blood and transported to a target organ where it causes effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

latencies

A

time from release of hormone until effects start to be seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

basics about how hormone works with target organ

A

hormone released from endocrine gland directly into blood stream. it travels in blood stream until it reaches TARGET ORGAN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

basics about how hormone works with receptor

A

at target organ, hormone attaches to a specific RECEPTOR on target organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

basics about how hormone works with HRC

A

the resultant hormone-receptor complex (HRC) causes a change to be made in the target organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

characteristics of steroids

A
  • structure similar to cholesterol
  • derived from cholesterol or Vitamin D
  • fat soluble (lipophilic or hydrophobic)
  • –transported in blood via carriers proteins
  • –diffuses through target cell membrane
  • –attaches to intracellular receptor
  • usually not stored, created as needed
  • –longer latency periods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

examples of steroids

A

cortisol
aldosterone
estrogen
testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

characteristics of non-steriods

A
  • water soluble (hydrophilic or lipophobic)
  • –travels dissolved in plasma
  • –cant diffuse through cell membrane
  • –attaches to receptors on outer surface of cell membrane of target cels (except T3/T4)
  • large amounts stored in vesicles until needed
  • –much shorter latency periods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

4 amines

A
  1. Epinephrine & Norephinephrine

2. Triiodothryonine and Thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

amines are derived from

A

tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

shortest latency and fastest acting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Triiodothryonine and Thyroxine (T3/T4)

A
  • use carrier proteins in blood
  • receptors located inside nucleus
  • use direct gene activation
  • longest latency (days) and slowest acting (months)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Peptides

A
  • short amino acid chains (3-200)

- hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, heart, gut, and kidney hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Eicosanoids

A
  • derived from Arachidonic Acid
  • local hormones
  • mostly NOT secreted by glands
  • 3 TYPES: Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes, Prostaglandins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

thromboxanes

A

-secreted by platelets; causes platlet aggregation

SOLUTION: blood thinner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Leukotrienes

A
  • secreted by WBCs and spleen

- inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prostaglandins

A
  • secreted by most cells upon membrane damage
  • inflammation
  • vasodilation
  • sensitize spinal neurons to pain
  • promote fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Many common pain relievers inhibit enzymes needed for Eicosanoid formation

A
  • anti-inflammatory
  • analegic
  • antipyretic: fever reduction
  • antithrombotic: reduce clotting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Direct Gene Activation formation is used by

A

steroid hormones

  • freely pass through target cell membrane because fat soluble
  • attach to intracellular receptor
  • HRC enters nucleus and gene activation
  • transcription and translation
  • resultant protesins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Direct Gene Activation results in

A

transcription of mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Resultant proteins in Direct gene Activation cause

A

cellular effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Second Messenger System Mechanism is used with

A

MOST non-steroid hormones

  • cant cross cell membrane because water soluble
  • attach to receptor on target cell surface
  • HRC activates a G protein in the cell membrane
  • G protein triggers reactions that lead to the formation of an intracellular 2nd messenger
  • 2 messenger then causes a physiological response within a cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cAMP

A
  • most common and studied 2nd messenger

- G Protein activates adenylate cyclase catalyzing reaction of AP—-> cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

examples of second messengers

A
  • cAMP
  • cGMP
  • calmodulin
  • inositoitriphosphate (ITP)
  • diacylglycerol (DAG)
  • calcium ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

tropic

A

one hormone causes the release of another hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Negative Feedback System

A
  • hormone secreted in response to a homeostatic imbalance
  • hormone acts to restore homeostasis
  • restoration of homeostasis inhibits further hormone secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Postive Feedback Loops

A
  • homeostatic imbalance triggers hormonal release
  • hormonal action triggers hormonal release
  • used for amplification within a larger negative feedback system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

examples of positive feedback loops

A

LH during ovulation

oxytocin during parturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Down-regulation/desensitization

A

target cell decreases number of receptors available for a hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Up-regulation/ sensitization

A

target cell increases number of receptors available for a hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

2 factors that determine hormonal activity

A
  1. Levels of Circulating Hormone

2. The number of available receptors on the target organ

33
Q

Hypothalamus

A

control center of hypothalamus

34
Q

What does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) do?

A
  • posterior pituitary
  • promotes H20 conservation/retention by directly causing reabsorption of H2O from kidney tubules into capillaries to maintain plasma volume
  • faster water hormone
  • elevated up to 48 hours. post-exercise
35
Q

2 mechanisms of action from ADH

A
  1. Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect hemoconcentration. When hemoconcentrated, posterior releases ADH. ADH causes H2O reabsorption at kidneys into bloodstream (increase PV) restoring osmolality to normal
  2. Atria, carotid, and pulmonary arteries and aorta contain baroreceptos. When decreased blood pressure, baroreceptors are stimulated causing ADH secretion. ADH causes reabsorption of H2O into blood, increases plasma volume and therefore blood pressure
36
Q

prolactin

A
  • ALL stimulates lipolysis
  • chronically high levels may lead to reproductive consequences in males and females
  • fasting/high fat diets stimulate prolactin release
37
Q

what are endorphins?

A

endogenous opioid mood-altering and analgesic neurotransmitters and neurohormones

38
Q

“Runner’s High”

A

caused by endorphins

decrease anxiety, exhilaration, euphoria, increase pain tolerance, improved appetite control, decrease tension, anger, and confusion

39
Q

2 training effects of endorphins

A
  1. training increase opioid produced, so decrease levels needed to induce a specific eggiest
  2. in trained person, opioids produced during exercise degrade more slowly, increase tolerance tolerance for prolonged exercise
40
Q

Endorphins are a ________ addiction

A

“positive addiction

41
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A
  • releases its hormones in response to releasing/inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus
  • prolactin, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, MSH, Endorphins, and GH (all tropic)
42
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (Thyropin)

A

-stimulates production and release of thyroid hormones and maintains normal growth and development of thyroid

43
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

-stimulates production and secretion of hormones from adrenal cortex, especially cortisol

44
Q

IGFs

A

Insulin-like growth hormones (somatomedin)

45
Q

Major effects of Growth hormone

A
  • increase fuel availability, sparing glucose for brain
  • increase fat use
  • decrease CHO use (the brain really like CHO)
  • promotes favorable body composition by increasing Lean Body Mass and decreasing Fat Mass
46
Q

Growth Hormone secretion falls about ___% of adolescent levels by old age, after adolescence

A

25

47
Q

Why is Growth Hormone used as an Ergongenic Aid?

A

to enhance sports performance

48
Q

Growth Hormone changes with age and used as an anti aging drug

A

accelerated with age, and increases energy with therapy

49
Q

Which is greater within the growth hormone? Collagen growth or contractile growth?

A

Collagen growth is greater than contractile growth

50
Q

low GH in children

A

Hypopituitary Dwarfism

51
Q

low GH in adulrs

A

Simmond’s Disease

-premature aging due to tissue atrophy

52
Q

how is Simmond’s Disease treated?

A

with right (injected)

53
Q

T3/T4

A

-large stores
(functions same, only differ in rapidity and intensity of action)
-T4-90% release
-T3-90% activity
-use plasma proteins, transported into target cell, use direct gene activation
-long latency, slowest acting
-increase MR of most tissues, through increase enzyme activity
-Hyperthyroidism
-Hypothyroidism

54
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

symptoms include

  • high BMR
  • increase Tb
  • heat intolerance
  • increased appetite
  • weight loss
  • increase/high blood pressure
  • enhanced fuel catabolism
  • muscle atrophy
  • decrease/low ovarian function
  • exhausted
  • but can’t sleep well, bug eyes
55
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • symptoms include low BMR
  • decrease Tb
  • decrease appetite
  • weight gain
  • decrease glucose metabolism
  • high cholesterol
  • arteriosclerosis
  • ovarian function
  • sleepiness
  • husky voice
  • poor hearing
  • puffy/droopy eyes
56
Q

incidence of disease (problems) and types in men vs. women

A
  • 90% of thyroid disease occur in women
  • -90% of thyroid diseases in men are cancerous
  • -90% of thyroid diseases in women are benign
57
Q

stimulus for calcitonin and PTH

A

-stimulated by high plasma Ca++

58
Q

action of calcitonin and PTH

A

-acts to decrease plasma Ca++

59
Q

PTH and bone remodeling

A

-stimulated by low plasma Ca++
-acts in increase plasma Ca++
-regulates plasma Pi
-targets bone and kidney
BONE: inhibits osteoclast activity. Osteoblast activity predominates, favoring deposition of Ca++ salts in bone
-opposition of calcitonin
-exercise increase PTH levels
–provides raw material for bone remodeling
-no training effect

60
Q

Adrenal Cortex secretes over ___ cortiosteriods

A

30

61
Q

mineralcorticoids

A

maintain electrolytes (mineral) balance (1 degree aldosterone)

62
Q

glucocorticoids

A

maintain blood glucose (1 degree) cortisol

63
Q

gonadocorticoids

A

same as hormones from gonads

64
Q

catecholamines

A
  • adrenal nedulla
  • hormones and neurotransmitters
  • epinephrine: mainly hormone
  • norepinephrine: mainly neurotransmitter
65
Q

80% of hormonal release is

A

Epinephrine

66
Q

20% of hormonal release is

A

Norephrine

67
Q

Effect od E/NE similar to SNS effects and their release is usually triggered by

A

SNS stimulation

68
Q

Actions of Aldosterone

A
  • promotes Na+ absorption from renal tubules. H2O follows Na+
  • promotes K+ excretion and regulated pH because kidney exchange either K+ or H+ for Na+
69
Q

Renin-Angiotensin System

A
  • low plasma volume or blood pressure in renal artery or increase SNS stimulation to kidneys to release renin
  • renin enters the blood where it converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
  • in the endothelium of lung blood vessels, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
  • angiotensin II causes strong vasoconstriction and aldosterone release
  • vasoconstriction will increase blood pressure
  • aldosterone will inquire Na+ and H2O which in turn increase plasma volume and blood pressure
70
Q

Aldosterone is slower acting than ADH

A

-ADH is more active during exercise while aldosterone more active post-exercise, unless exercise duration > 1 hr.

71
Q

Aldosterone elevation post-exercise

A
  • Both ADH and aldosterone elevated 12-48 hours post exercise, decrease urine production and protect from dehydration
  • responsible for increase plasma volume with training
  • “Sports Anemia”-False + for anemia in athletes
72
Q

Cortisol

A
  • diurnal variations
  • stress triggers secretion
  • used as inflammatory
  • tapering
  • increased incidence of URTIs
73
Q

Actions of Cortisol

A

-maintain plasma glucose by increasing availability of all fuels

74
Q

increased incidence of URTIs in Cortisol

A

very high levels occur following long duration running

75
Q

___- shaped relationship between exercise and incidence of URTIs

A

J-shaped

76
Q

Open window Hypothesis

A

large increase in training or actual competition exposes highly trained athletes to abnormal stress that temporarily, but severely, decrease immune function

  • 3-72 hours post exercise, with symptoms starting in 1-2 weeks
  • EXAMPLE: marathoners at high risk after race
  • –risk varies inversely with race times
77
Q

Mainly hormone

A

Epinephrine

78
Q

Mainly neurotransmitter

A

Norepinephrine

Exercise Physiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions