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Exercise Physiology > Endocrine System Part 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

major actions of E/NE

A
  • maintain plasma glucose
  • maintain blood pressure
  • increase HR and force of contraction
  • bronchondilation
  • BF distribution vs. vasoconstriction/vasodilation
  • -increase metabolic rate
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2
Q

Quickest acting hormones

A

E/NE

-quickest acting hormones. activity starts within 5 seconds. max activity reached in 10-20 seconds. activity ends 1-5 minutes

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3
Q

Uses alpha adrenergic receptors

A

Norepinephrine

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4
Q

Uses beta adrenergic receptors

A

Epinephrine

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5
Q

training effects of E/NE?

A
  • at sub maximal intensities, training blunts E/NE responses

- near or at maximal intensity, training enhances E/NE responses

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6
Q

Overtraining and E/NE?

A

E/NE become chronically high when overtraining

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7
Q

Endocrine Parts of Pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

  • alpha cells
  • beta cells
  • gamma cells
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8
Q

Which hormone is secreted by alpha cells

A

glucagon

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9
Q

Which hormone is secreted by beta cells

A

insulin

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10
Q

Which hormone is secreted by gamma cells

A

somatostatin

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11
Q

Insulin is stimulated by

A

hyperglycemia

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12
Q

Primary effects of insulin

A
  • facilitate glucose entry into cells

- GLUT-4

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13
Q

Secondary effects of insulin

A

-promote fuel synthesis and storage

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14
Q

2 types of diabetes

A

Type I

Type II

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15
Q

Type I Diabetes

A
  • sudden onset
  • autoimmune disease, sometimes associated with viral infections
  • little heredity link
  • destruction of beta cells (little to no insulin produced)
  • average onset 14 years-juvinele diabetes
  • treated with daily insulin injections
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16
Q

Type II Diabetes

A
  • gradual onset
  • associated with obesity
  • hereditity link
  • “insulin resistance” usually high insulin levels
  • average onset 40 years
  • early stages treated with diet and exercise (lifestyle factors). drugs to increase insulin sensitivity may be used
17
Q

3 main issues with diabetes

A
  1. increase blood problems
  2. increase metabolism of fats (increase use of fats)
  3. increase metabolism of (depletion of protein)
18
Q

increase blood problems

A
  • excreted in urine when > 180 mg/dl, polyuria
  • lack of energy, hunger (polyphagia)
  • blood vessel damage
  • inflammation, increase Hb A1C
  • platelet abnormalities
19
Q

increase metabolism of fats (increase use of fats)

A
  • ketone bodies: fruity breath odor; acidosis; ketonuria
  • increase LDLs (artherosclerosis-MI, stroke)
  • weight loss
20
Q

increase metabolism of (depletion of protein)

A
  • proteinuria
  • atrophy, weight loss, lack of energy
  • altered organ function
  • –kidney failure, blindness, etc.
  • immunosuppression-poor healing
21
Q

glucagons

A
  • stimulated by hypoglycemia
  • acts to increase blood glucose
  • increase with exercise
  • trigger for exercise. release is SNS
22
Q

what happens to insulin, glucagon, and blood glucose during exercise

A

insulin decreases, glucagon increases, while blood glucose remains steady.

  • exercise up-regulates receptors for insulin on muscle tissue and down-regulates elsewhere, allowing glucose uptake where needed, but yet preventing energy sparing effects of insulin
  • glucagon gradually increases which increases glucose availability, allowing you to maintain plasma glucose levels despite high energy demands of exercise
23
Q

Testosterone-androgenic

A

androgenic: promotes male sexual characteristics

24
Q

Testosterone-anabolic

A

anabolic: tissue building-increase protein formation in nearly all tissues

25
Q

Anabolic and Androgenic both…

A
  • both indirectly and directly through triggering GH release

- partly responsible for protein synthesis/retention and hypertrophy from resistance training

26
Q

Testosterone and bone mass

A

although testosterone decrease with age, since men maintain equal to or more than 50% testosterone secretion throughout life, men have decrease incidence of osteoporosis

27
Q

Body comp effects and Testosterone

A

responsible for increase musculature in males after puberty so males are leaner than females

28
Q

Endurance Training Effects and Testosterone

A
  • resting testosterone levels in trained subjects is usually on low end of normal range
  • –but there is some high incidence of impotence noted, especially in endurance trained men
29
Q

Testosterone is used as a ____ aid

A

ergogenic aid

30
Q

Testosterone is used as an anti-aging drug

A

used as a “youth hormone” to increase muscle strength and vigor but with questionable results

31
Q

Major estrogen

A

B-estradiol

32
Q

Epiphyseal plate and estrogen

A

Estrogens cause epiphyseal plate closing. Women stop growing several years before men. They are shorter

33
Q

Estrogen and Na+ and H2) retention and hypertension

A
  • increase metabolic rate, but not as much as testosterone
  • increase deposition of fat in breasts, subcutaneous tissue, buttocks, and things
  • cause Na+ and H2O retention, especially during pregnancy resulting in fluid retention and possible hypertension
34
Q

Female Athlete Triad

A
  1. disordered eating typically cited, but now mainly believed to occur in nearly any situation where ENERGY AVAILABILITY IS LOW (maybe particularly CHOs)
  2. decreasing estrogen causing abnormal menses (AMENNORHEA)
  3. which then leads to OSTEOPOROSIS
35
Q

Stimuli for EPO

A

exercise and altitude are 2 common stimuli

36
Q

effect of EPO

A

-stimulare erythropoiesis (RBC production) in bone marrow

37
Q

EPO used as an ergogenic aid

A
  • in endurance athletes to increase O2-carrying capacity

- illegal and dangerous

38
Q

(EPO) blood glucose during sprint

A

E/NE cause liver to release more glucose than being used by cells. Muscle glycogen mainly fueling spring. So, blood glucose increase

39
Q

(EPO) blood glucose during endurance exercise

A

blood glucose remains steady. liver’s glucose release closely matches muscle’s uptake until liver glycogen depleted. then, muscle glycogen and blood glucose get low and fatigue occurs

Exercise Physiology (17 decks)

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