Final Lab Flashcards
Axon
Information AWAY from cell
Dendrites
Information INTO cell
The __________ present on the axons of some neurons speeds up impulses
Myelin sheath
Reflex arc is quicker because input from the brain is not required
True or false
True
Central nervous system consists of ?
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system consists of ?
Somatic
Autonomic
Somatic nervous system
Nerves convey sensory information to the CNS
SENSORY + VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
Autonomic nervous system
regulate the autonomic behaviors of the body
Control heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, etc
INVOLUNTARY
Autonomic divisions
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Fight or flight
Increases heart rate and breathing
Decreases digestion
Parasympathetic
Rest and digest
Decreases functions of sympathetic nervous system
Gray matter
Contains Neuron cell bodies and dendrites
White matter
Contains Myelinated axons
Medulla (oblongata)
Responsible for vital reflexes and functions needed to stay alive
Pons
Controls muscle movements, like walking
Works in conjunction to increase arousal and readiness of other parts of the brain
Physiological
Chemical/ biological
Ontogenetic
Developmental
Changes with maturity over time
Functional
Explains why trait is useful
Evolutionary
Explains similarities between species
Cerebellum
Helps regulate motor movements
Balance and coordination
Important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli
Post central gyrus
Parietal lobe
Primary somatosensory cortex
Responsible for touch sensations and information from muscle-stretch receptors and joint receptors
Pre central gyrus (frontal lobe)
Responsible for the control of fine motor movement
Temporal lobe
Primary auditory cortex
Spoken language
Parietal lobe
Primary somatosensory cortex
Frontal lobe
Primary motor cortex
Hippocampus
Memory
Thalamus
Sensory relay station
Hypothalamus
4 F’s: Feeding Flight Fight Sex
Pineal gland
Sleep/wake cycle
Pituitary gland
Hormones
Corpus callosum
Connect right and left sides of brain
Ventricles
Four fluid filled structures in the brain
Two lateral ventricles, a 3rd ventricle and a 4th ventricle
The ventricular system is continuos with central canal in spinal cord and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid CSF
True or false
True
Phenotype
Appearance of trait
Blood type, hair color
Genotype
Genetic makeup
AB , Bb
Most neurons cannot be replaced
True or false
True
Neurons/ connections not used by the brain _____
Die
A young child has twice as many connections between _____ as an adult
Neurons
Normal adult aging DOES involve massive neuron death
True or false
False
It does not
Brain development never ends- brains are plastic and adapt to the world (lifelong plasticity) BUT younger brains do have a greater ability to change than older brains
True or false
True
Optic disc/ blind spot located ?
Located where the optic nerve exits the retina
Occipital lobe
Primary visual cortex
The ear contains structures important for both _____ & _____
Hearing & balance
Skin sensory receptors are not distributed equally
True or false
True
Ability to determine the location/ number of places touched is different for different body regions
True or false
True
Insula
Primary gustatory (taste) cortex and secondary somatosensory cortex
Information from all of the senses except ______ travels to the thalamus first (sensory relay station)
Olfaction
Three types of muscle
Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac
The _________ _______ (suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus) generates circadian rhythms
Biological clock
The __________ produces melatonin and affects sleep/ wake cycles
Pineal gland
Obesity results from a combination of genetic factors and environmental influences
True or false
True
Errors in sex chromosomes (too few or too many Xs or Ys) exist for only female phenotypes
True or false
False
Exist for both female and male phenotypes
XX individuals can be masculinized (and XY individuals feminized) by various conditions
True or false
True
Items are recalled better if they are processed more deeply (determining if a word belongs in a particular category vs counting the number of letters in the word)
True or false
True
_______ memories are formed during stressful or emotional events and are typically perceived to be particularly accurate, although that is not always the case
Flashbulb memories
Broca’s area
Expressive or non fluent
Patients have difficulty producing understandable speech
Problems with the motor aspect of language
Wernickes area
Receptive or fluent
Patients have difficulty understanding language, although their spoken words may sound normal
Deaf people who learn American Sign Language show brain activity in many of the same areas as _______
Spoken language
Left brain hemisphere
Frequently dominant for language
Right brain hemisphere
Frequently dominant for Visio-spatial and creative functions
Humans prefer one side over the other for vision, hearing, hand use, and foot use
True or false
True
Right size preference order
Hand (90%)
Foot (80%)
Eye (70%)
Ear (60%)
In people who write using “normal” writing posture, the hemisphere specialized for language is opposite
True or false
True
Right hand= left brain language
Left hand= right language
People who rite using an inverted posture (Obama, Prince William) the same side is specialized for language
True or false
True
_____ and ______ to certain aspects of a stimulus affect how well it is learned and remembered
Focus and attention
