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Biopsychology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroanatomy

A

The study of the parts of the nervous system and their functions

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2
Q

Ventral/anterior

A

Toward the front

Ex:the heart is anterior to the spinal and cord

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3
Q

Dorsal/ posterior

A

Toward the back

Ex: the spinal cord is posterior to the heart

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4
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body

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5
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline of the body

—

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6
Q

Superior

A

Above

Ex: the brain is superior to the lungs

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7
Q

Inferior

A

Below

Ex: the lungs are inferior to the brain

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8
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer the trunk of the body or point of attachment

Ex: the shoulder is proximal to the wrist

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9
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the trunk of the body or point of attachment

The wrist is distal to the shoulder

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10
Q

The nervous system is composed of two major subsystems ?

A

The central nervous system

The peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

Central nervous system is composed of ?

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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12
Q

Spinal cord

A

found within the spinal column

Communicates with the sense organs and muscles below the level of the head

Part of CNS

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13
Q

The spinal cord is compromised of?

A 
Dorsal root ganglia 
Gray matter 
White matter 
Spinal nerve 
Ventral root

Each segment sends sensory information to the brain and receives motor commands

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14
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

Sensory cell bodies

Located in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord

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15
Q

Gray matter

A

Neurons cell bodies and dendrites

Located in center of the spinal cord, INSIDE

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16
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated Axons that carry information

OUTSIDE

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17
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Controls both motor and sensory

18
Q

Ventral root

A

Motor

19
Q

Peripheral nervous system is composed of?

A

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

20
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Nerves convey sensory information to the CNS

Nerves transmit messages for motor movement from the CNS to the body

SENSORY + VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT

21
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Sends and receives messages to regulate the autonomic behaviors of the body

Control heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, etc

INVOLUNTARY

22
Q

Divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

23
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Nerves that prepare the organs for rigorous activity:

Fight or flight

INCREASE heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, etc

Made of ganglia on the left and right of the spinal cord

Uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter

24
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

DECREASES functions increased by the sympathetic nervous system

Rest and digest

Made of long preganglion axons and short postganglionic fibers

Dominant during our relaxed states

Released acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter

25
Q

The three major divisions of the brain?

A

Hindbrain

Forebrain

Midbrain

26
Q

Hindbrain

Made of?

Location?

A

Medulla, pons, cerebellum

Located at the posterior portion of the brain

Hindbrain structures, the midbrain and other central structures of the brain combine and make up the brain stem

27
Q

Medulla

Aka brainstem

(Hindbrain)

A

Responsible for vital reflexes and functions needed to stay alive
—

28
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Allow the medulla to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and many parasympathetic outputs to the organs

29
Q

Pons

Hindbrain

A

Controls muscle movements, like walking

Little brain with many deep folds

Lies on each side of the medulla

Contains the reticular formation and raphe system

Works in conjunction to increase arousal and readiness of other parts of the brain

30
Q

Cerebellum

Hindbrain

A

Helps regulate motor movements

Balance and coordination

Important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli

Located in the hindbrain with many deep folds

Tumors: Kids 80% cerebellum, 20% brain
Adults: 20% cerebellum, 80% brain

31
Q

Forebrain

A

Made of two cerebral hemispheres

receives sensory information and controls motor movement from the opposite side of the body

Made of the outer Cortex and subcortical regions

32
Q

Parts of the forebrain?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

33
Q

Thalamus

Forebrain

A

Relay station for all sensory information, which processes it and send output to the cerebral cortex

Except olfactory (smell) information

34
Q

Limbic system

A

Made of a number of other interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem

Associated with motivation, emotion, drives and aggression

Includes the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gurus of the cerebral cortex

Turns memories into memorization

35
Q

Hypothalamus

Forebrain

A

Responsible for the four F’s

—

36
Q

Diencephalon made up of?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

37
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Produces hormones found at the base of the hypothalamus

38
Q

Midbrain

A

In the middle of the brain

More prominent in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish

Made of the
—

39
Q

Tectum

Midbrain

A

The root of the brain

40
Q

Superior and inferior colliculus

Midbrain

A

Important for sensory processing

Inferior: hearing

Superior: vision

41
Q

Substantia nigra

Midbrain

A

Gives rise to a dopamine containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement

42
Q

Hippocampus

A

Essential for Memory

Sea horse

A large structure between the thalamus and cerebral cortex

Biopsychology (25 decks)

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