Chapter 7 Sensory Systems Flashcards
Audition
Our sense of hearing
Depends upon our ability to detect sound waves
Sound waves are periodic compressions if air, water or other media
Amplitude
The height and subsequent intensity of the sound wave
Loudness
The perception of the sound wave
Amplitude is one factor
Pinna
Alters the reflection of sound waves into the middle war from the outer ear
Helps to locate the source of a sound
Tympanic membrane
Vibrates at the same rate when struck by sound waves
Connects three tiny bones
Oval window
A membrane in the inner ear
Transmits waves through the biscuits fluid of the inner ear
Place theory
Each area along the basilar membrane has hair cells sensitive to only one specific frequency of sound wave
Frequency theory
The basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with the sound and causes auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials at the same frequency
Pitch theory
Low frequency sounds best explained by the frequency theory
High frequency sounds best explained by the place theory
Conductive/ middle ear deafness
Occurs if bones of the middle ear fail to transmit sound waves properly to the cochlea
Caused by diseases, infection, or tumerous bone growth
Nerve or inner ear deafness
Damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve
Vary in degree
Tinnitus
A frequent or constant ringing in ears
Sound localization depend upon three cues?
Sound shadow
Time of arrival
Phase difference
Mechanical senses include
Vestibular sensation
Touch
Pain
Other body sensations
Mechanical senses respond to?
Pressure
Bending
Other distortions of a receptor
Vestibular sense
The system that detects the position and the movement of the head and adjusts body posture and eye movements accordingly
In the ear, adjacent to the cochlea
Semicircular canals
Filled with a jellylike substance and hair cells that are activated when the head moves
Somatosensory system
Has receptors that detect several kinds of stimulation of the skin and internal tissues
Free nerve ending
Responds to pain, warmth, cold
Myelinated or thinly axons
Near base of hairs and elsewhere in skin
Hair follicle receptors
Movement of hairs
Hair covered skin
Meissners corpuscules
Respond to sudden displacement of skin, low frequency vibration (flutter)
Located in hairless areas
Pacinian corpuscules
Respond to sudden displacement of skin, high frequency vibrations
Located both hairy and hairless skin
Merkels disks
Respond to tangential forces across skin
Rufino endings
Respond to stretch of skin
Krause end bulbs
Respond to uncertain
Dermatome
The skin area connected to or innervated by a single sensory spinal nerve
Axons carrying pain information have little of no myelin true or false?
True
Label end line principle
Each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends a direct line to the brain
Across fiber pattern
Each receptor responds to a wider range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them
Taste buds
Receptors on the tongue
Modified skin cells
Have excitable membranes that release neurotransmitters to excite neighboring neurons
Replaced constantly
Papillae
Structures on the surface of the tongue that contain the taste buds
Nucleus of the tractus solitarius
A structure in the medulla in which taste nerves project to
Projects information to various parts of the brain
Olfactory cells
Neurons responsible for smell
Line the olfactory epithelium in the rear of the nasal passage
Vomeronasal organ
A set of receptors located near the olfactory receptors that are sensitive to pheromones
Synesthesia
The experience of one sense in response to stimulation of a different sense
