Chapter 8 Movemet

Question 1

Smooth muscles

Answer 1

Control the digestive system and other organs

Slow moving, no brain control

Question 2

Skeletal muscles/ striated muscles

Answer 2

Control movement of the body in relation to the environment

Muscles we work out and do have control over

Question 3

Cardiac muscles

Answer 3

Heart muscles that have properties of skeletal and and smooth muscles

Somewhat control

Question 4

Neuromuscular junction

Answer 4

A synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber

Release of chemicals causes the muscle or contract

Each muscle fiber has only one master

Question 5

Antagonistic muscles

Answer 5

Movement requires the alternating contraction of opposing sets of muscles

Question 6

Flexor muscle

Answer 6

One that flexed or raises an appendage

Question 7

Extensor muscle

Answer 7

One that extends an appendage or straightens it

Question 8

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 8

An autoimmune disease in which the immune system forms antibodies that attack the acetylcholine receptors neuromuscular junctions

Causes the progressive weakness and rapid fatigue of the skeletal muscles

Question 9

Fast twitch fibers

Answer 9

Produce fast contractions but fatigue rapidly

Anaerobic and do not require oxygen

Question 10

Slow twitch fibers

Answer 10

Produce less vigorous contractions without fatigue

Aerobic and require oxygen during movement

Question 11

Proprioceptors

Answer 11

Receptors that detect the position or movement of a part of the body

Question 12

Muscle spindles

Answer 12

Proprioceptors parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch

Causes a contraction of the muscle

Question 13

Stretch reflex

Answer 13

Occurs when muscle proprioceptors detect the stretch and tension of a muscle and send messages to the spinal cord to contract it

Question 14

Golgi tendon organ

Answer 14

Type of proprioceptor that responds to increases in muscle tension

Acts as a brake against excessively vigorous contraction by sending an impulse to the spinal cord where motor neurons are inhibited

Question 15

Reflexes

Answer 15

Involuntary, consistent and automatic responses to stimuli

Question 16

Grasp reflex

Answer 16

Grasps objects places in the hand

Question 17

Babinski reflex

Answer 17

Extends big toe and fans others when the sole of the foot is stroked

Question 18

Rooting reflex

Answer 18

Turns head and sucks when cheek is stimulated

Question 19

Ballistic movements

Answer 19

Movement that once initiated can not be altered or corrected

Ex: yawning, dilation of pupil

Question 20

Centros pattern generators

Answer 20

Neural mechanisms in the spinal cord or elsewhere that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output

Ex: wing flapping in bird

Question 21

Promotor cortex

Answer 21

Integrates information about position and posture of the body and organizes the direction of the movement in space

Question 22

Supplementary motor cortex

Answer 22

Important for organizing a rapid sequence of movements in a particular order

Active seconds before the movement occurs

Question 23

Readiness potential

Answer 23

A particular type of activity in the motor cortex that occurs before any type of voluntary movement

500 ms before the movement itself

Question 24

Basal ganglia

Answer 24

A group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain responsible for initiating an action not guided by a stimulus

Question 25

Lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 25

Controls movement in peripheral areas (hands and feet)

Question 26

Medial corticospinal tract

Answer 26

Allow control of muscles of the neck, shoulders and trunk

Enable movement like walking, turning, bending, standing up

Question 27

Caudate nucleus and putamen

Answer 27

Receive input from the cerebral cortex and send output to the globus pallidus

Question 28

Globus pallidus

Answer 28

Connects to the thalamus which relays information to the motor areas and the prefrontal cortex

Inhibits the thalamus

Question 29

Parkinson’s diseases

Answer 29

A movement disorder characterized by muscle tremors, rigidity, slow movemos and difficulty initiating physical and mental activity

Caused by death of neurons

Question 30

Huntington’s disease

Answer 30

Neurological disorder characterized by various motors symptoms

Caused by gradual and extensive brain damage