Chapter 9- Sleep

Question 1

Endogenous circannual rhythms

Answer 1

Internal mechanisms that operate on an annual or yearly cycle

Birds migrating

Question 2

Endogenous circadian rhythms

Answer 2

Internal mechanisms that operate on approximately 24 hour cycle

Purpose is to keep our internal workings in phase with the outside world

Question 3

Zeitgeber

Answer 3

Any stimulus that resets the circadian rhythms

Ex: light, noise

Question 4

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 4

Part of the hypothalamus and the main control center of the circadian rhythms of sleep and temperature

Question 5

Pineal gland

Answer 5

An endocrine gland located posterior to the thalamus

Question 6

Melatonin

Answer 6

A hormone that increases sleepiness or readiness for sleep

Question 7

Coma

Answer 7

Low brain activity that remains fairly steady

Person shows little respond to stimuli

Extended period of unconsciousness caused by head trauma, stroke, or disease

Question 8

Vegetative state

Answer 8

Alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal but no awareness of surrounding

Question 9

What happens before stage 1 of sleep?

Answer 9

Alpha waves are present and state of relaxation begins

8-13 HZ

Question 10

Stage 1

Answer 10

Sleep has just begun

Irregular, jagged, low voltage waves

Brain activity begins to decline

Question 11

Stage 2

Answer 11

Sleep spindles: 12-14 HZ waves during a burst

K-complex: sharp high altitude negative wave followed by a smaller, slower positive wave

Theta wave: 4-7 HZ

Question 12

Stage 3 and 4

Answer 12

Slow wave sleep

Large amplitude wave

Slowing of heart, breathing rate and brain activity

Delta waves: 0-4 HZ

Question 13

Rapid eye movement (REM)

Answer 13

Periods of rapid eye movements during sleep

Question 14

Paradoxical sleep

Answer 14

Deep sleep in some ways, but light sleep in other ways

Question 15

After about an hour, the person begins ?

Answer 15

To cycle back through the stages from stage 4 to stages 3 and 2 and than REM

Question 16

Reticular formation

Answer 16

Part of the Midbrain that extends form the medulla to the forebrain and is responsible for arousal

Question 17

Pontomesencephalon

Answer 17

Stimulation here awakens sleeping individuals and increases alertness in those already awake

Part of the midbrain that contributes to cortical arousal

Question 18

Locus coeruleus

Answer 18

A small structure in the pons whose axons release norepinephrine to arouse various areas of the cortex and increase wakefulness

Question 19

Insomnia

Answer 19

Sleep disorder associated with inadequate sleep

Caused by noise, stress, pain medication

Question 20

Sleep apnea

Answer 20

Sleep disorder characterized by the inability to breathe while sleeping for a prolonged period of time

Causes sleepiness during the day, impaired attention, depression, heart problems

Question 21

Narcolepsy

Answer 21

A sleep disorder characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness

Muscle weakness
Sleep paralysis
Hallucinations

Question 22

Periodic limb movement disorder

Answer 22

Repeated involuntary movement of the legs and arms while sleeping

Occurs during NREM sleep

Question 23

REM behavior disorder

Answer 23

Vigorous movement during REM sleep

Acting out dreams

Damage to the pons

Question 24

Night terrors

Answer 24

Experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror

Question 25

Functions of sleep?

Answer 25

Energy conservation

Restoration of the brain and body

Memory consolidation

Question 26

Functions of REM

Answer 26

Discard useless connections

Learned motor skills may be consolidated

Question 27

Activation synthesis hypothesis

Answer 27

Dreams begin with spontaneous activity in the pons which activates many parts of the cortex

Question 28

Clínico anatomical hypothesis

Answer 28

Dreams are similar to thinking just under unusual circumstance