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Bio152 > Final Exam Studying > Flashcards

Final Exam Studying Flashcards

1
Q

Chitons are ___

A

Molluscs

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2
Q

What is the difference between ectoderm and endoderm?

A

Ectoderm has germ layer covering embryo’s surface; maintains body temperature based on outside temperatures, like snakes. Endoderm has a germ layer inside that lines the digestive tube; maintains body temperatures internally, like mammals

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3
Q

Is a centipede a herbivore or a carnivor?

A

A centipede is a carnivor

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4
Q

What is the basic body plan of a cnidarian?

A

A sac with a central digestive compartment (the gastrovascular cavity)

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5
Q

What is the difference between diploblastic and triplaoblastic?

A

Diploblastic are made of endoderm and ectoderm. Triplaoblastic are made of endoderm, ectoderm, and also have mesoderm

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6
Q

What is the lancelet?

A

Chordate

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7
Q

What are the two types of symmetry?

A

Radial and bilateral

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8
Q

Name an animal that breathes through positive pressure

A

Frogs

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9
Q

What is special about Ecdysozoan?

A

They molt

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10
Q

What animal does not undergo complete metamorphosis?

A

Grasshopper

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11
Q

What kind of vascular system do echinoderms have?

A

Water Vascular system

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12
Q

List two differences between protostomes and deuterostomes

A

In protostome development, cleavage is spiral and determinate. In deuterostome development, cleavage is radial and indeterminate.

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13
Q

What are three adaptations of birds to fly?

A

They have very light bones, feathers, and wings

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14
Q

Why are amphibians called amphibians?

A

They live part of their life in water and part on land

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15
Q

What are the factors that play a critical role in generating multicellular organisms?

A

Capacity of the cell to adhere and signal to other cells

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16
Q

Apoda are ___

A

Amphibians

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17
Q

Name one of the three big eras that had animals

A

Cretaceous period

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18
Q

What are two traits that all mammals share?

A

1) endotherms

2) produce milk

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19
Q

In what era did dinosaurs go extinct?

A

Cenozoic

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20
Q

How do sponges feed?

A

They are filter feeders

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21
Q

Producing eggs that hatch inside the body: young are born alive without placenta

A

Oviparous

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22
Q

Young develop in the mother, are fed through placenta, and are born alive

A

Ovoviviparous

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23
Q

Producing eggs that hatch outside the body

A

Viviparous

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24
Q

List at least one type of flatworm that is a parasite of humans

A

Tapeworm

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25
Q

True or false: larva is a sexually immature and morphologically distinct organism from the adult

A

True

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26
Q

What mammals lay eggs?

A

Monotremata

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27
Q

What is the basal taxon of Metazoa?

A

Sponges

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28
Q

What are the Hox genes?

A

Genes that play a critical role in evolution

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29
Q

What happens after a sperm fertilizes an egg?

A

The zygote undergoes rapid cell division called cleavage

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30
Q

In what type of symmetry is it possible to distinguish the following: dorsal and ventral, left and right

A

Bilateral

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31
Q

What animals have an osculum?

A

Sponges

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32
Q

What are the three main parts of molluscs?

A

Muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle

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33
Q

What are gnathosomes named for?

A

Presence of their jaw

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34
Q

List two key characteristics of chordates

A
  1. dorsal nerve cord

2. notochord

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35
Q

What are examples of jawless vertebrates still existent today?

A

Hagfish

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36
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in spiders?

A

Book lungs

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37
Q

True or false: in incomplete metamorphosis, the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size

A

True

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38
Q

Name an animal that is not an amniote

A

Frog

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39
Q

What are invertebrates?

A

Animals that lack a backbone

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40
Q

List two things that all living animals share

A
  1. ) A common ancestor

2. ) respiration?

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41
Q

True or false: sharks only have one line of teeth

A

False

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42
Q

Annelids

A

Earthworms

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43
Q

Nematodes

A

Elegans

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44
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms

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45
Q

Chondrichthyans have a skeleton composed primarily of ___?

A

Cartilage

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46
Q

Urodela

A

Salamander

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47
Q

Gastropods

A

Snail

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48
Q

Anellida

A

Leech

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49
Q

Bivalvia

A

Clam

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50
Q

Cephalopoda

A

Squid

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51
Q

Cnidaria

A

Corals

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52
Q

Porifera

A

Sponges

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53
Q

Chelicerate

A

Spider

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54
Q

Arthropod

A

Lobster

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55
Q

Anthozoans

A

Hydra

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56
Q

Echinoderms

A

Starfish

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57
Q

Chondrichthyans

A

Sharks

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58
Q

List three traits of a tetrapod

A
  1. ) four limbs
  2. ) can be aquatic
  3. ) vertebrates
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59
Q

Why are some animals classified as Medusozoans?

A

In one of their steps of life they are in the form of medusa

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60
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

Body’s defense against pathogens (agents that cause disease)

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61
Q

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate immunity is an immediate response to a pathogen. Only certain animals have adaptive immunity, and it is a slower response

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62
Q

List three aspects that are common in the inner defense

A

Self-tolerance, immunological memory, diversity of lymphocytes and receptors

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63
Q

What is an epitope?

A

The small accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor

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64
Q

What are the four types of phagocytic cells and their functions?

A

Macrophages (present all over body), neutrophils (engulf antigens), dendritic cells (signal), eosinophils (fight infections)

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65
Q

What is the process called when major histocompatibility complex molecules bind and transport antigen fragments to the cell surface?

A

Antigen presentation

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66
Q

Adaptive responses rely on what two types of cells?

A

T and B cells

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67
Q

What must happen at the level of the DNA to guarantee the generation of different antigen receptors?

A

The DNA must be randomly arranged

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68
Q

What is the function of memory cells?

A

They help immunological memory so that if an antigen or pathogen comes back, the body recognizes it and attacks it immediately

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69
Q

How do phagocytic cells recognize groups of pathogens?

A

They use toll-like receptors to recognize pathogens on the cell wall

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70
Q

Name three different types of antibodies

A

IgA, IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD

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71
Q

What are autoimmune diseases? Name a couple.

A

Diseases where the body attacks itself. Diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis

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72
Q

What happens in septic shock?

A

The whole body gets infected and organs begin to shut down over reaction; happens because of an extreme inflammatory response

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73
Q

Which organ system is producing chemical signaling called hormones?

A

Endocrine system

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74
Q

What is the difference between hormones and pheromones?

A

Pheromones are in the environment and hormones are secreted in the body

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75
Q

Hormones can belong to three types of macromolecules, which ones?

A

?

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76
Q

True or false: hormones reach all parts of the body, but inky target cells have receptors for that hormone and can respond

A

True

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77
Q

What is the difference between paracrine signaling and autocrine signaling?

A

Paracrine: Target cells lie near secreting cells
Autocrine: Target cell is also the secreting cell

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78
Q

Which type of feedback results in reinforcing a stimulus to produce an even greater response?

A

Positive feedback

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79
Q

What is the function of melatonin?

A

Helps with sleep. Is secreted by the pineal gland

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80
Q

True or false: If a hormone is lipophylic it does not need a carrier to be transported through blood circulation

A

False: if it is hydrophilic it does not need a carrier

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81
Q

True or false: binding of a hormone to its receptor initiate a signal transduction pathway leading to responses in the cytoskeleton, enzyme activation, or a change in gene expression

A

True.

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82
Q

Both pituitary gland and adrenal gland are separated into two parts. What are they?

A

Pituitary: anterior and posterior
Adrenal: medulla and cortex

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83
Q

Melatonin

A

Pineal gland

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84
Q

T3 and T4

A

Thyroid

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85
Q

Calcitonin

A

Parathyroid

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86
Q

Growth hormone

A

Pituitary gland

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87
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenal gland

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88
Q

Insulin

A

Pancreas

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89
Q

What kind of symptoms can hypothyroidism cause?

A

Weight gain, being cold

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90
Q

Name the 5 sensory receptors

A
  1. mechanoreceptors
  2. chemoreceptors
  3. electromagnetic receptors
  4. thermoreceptors
  5. pain receptors
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91
Q

True or false: all animals see color

A

False

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92
Q

Name two organisms that use electromagnetic receptors to detect stimuli

A

Whale, fish

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93
Q

True or false: nociceptors respond to light

A

False. They are pain receptors so they respond to pain

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94
Q

What are the two types of proteins responsible for muscle contractions?

A

Actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments)

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95
Q

Name 5 types of taste perceptions

A

Umani, bitter, sweet, salty, sour

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96
Q

Where is the sense of olfaction located?

A

The nose: smell; olfactory bulb in the brain

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97
Q

What is the difference between rods and cones?

A

Cones detect color; rods detect black and white

98
Q

Insects have excellent color vision and can see UV light. What allows this to happen?

A

They have compound lenses and ommatidia that detect many colors

99
Q

Ciliary muscles contract; suspensory ligaments relax

A

Near vision

100
Q

Ciliary muscles relax; border of choroid moves away from lens; suspensory ligaments pull against lens

A

Distance vision

101
Q

How many bones are there in the human ear?

A

3: malleus, incus, stipes

102
Q

True or false: chemoreceptors sense physical deformation caused by stimuli such as pressure, stretch, motion, and sound

A

False-mechanoreceptors do

103
Q

What is tetanus?

A

A state of smooth and sustained contraction produced when motor neurons deliver a volley of action potentials

104
Q

Describe the three main types of skeletons and give one example for each type

A

Endoskeleton: human skeleton-hard interior
Exoskeleton: hard exterior; turtles, molluscs-soft tissue outside
Hydrostatic skeleton: traps fluid-worms/annelids

105
Q

True or false: locomotion is active movement from place to place

A

True

106
Q

Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population”

A

?

107
Q

Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution

A

1830

108
Q

Hutton proposes his principle of gradualism

A

1795

109
Q

Lyell publishes “Principle of Geology”

A

?

110
Q

Wallace sends to Darwin his hypothesis of natural selection

A

?

111
Q

Cuvier publishes his study on fossils

A

?

112
Q

Darwin travels around the world

A

1831-1836

113
Q

Who is the founder of taxonomy?

A

Linnaeus

114
Q

What are fossils?

A

Remains from organisms often found in layers of sedentary rock called strata

115
Q

What does homology mean?

A

Organisms that share similar structures due to sharing a common ancestor

116
Q

In what type of rocks are fossils usually found?

A

Sedimentary/strata

117
Q

What is the study of fossils called?

A

Paleontology

118
Q

What are the four types of data for pattern of evolution?

A

Biogeography
Direct observation
Fossil record
Homology

119
Q

The increase in the evolution of drug-resistant pathogens is due to ___

A

Natural selection

120
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

Evolution where species from different places are similar-for example, sugar gliders and flying squirrels are similar but from different places

121
Q

True or false: individuals evolve.

A

False. Only populations evolve and that takes time

122
Q

What was Pangaea?

A

The first continent

123
Q

Evolution can be described with Darwin’s phrase: ___

A

Descent with modification

124
Q

What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

A

Microevolution consists of changes in allele frequency in a population over time. Macroevolution refers to broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level

125
Q

What are three mechanisms that cause allele frequency change?

A

1) natural selection
2) gene flow
3) genetic drift

126
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

Decrease in population number due to environmental factors

127
Q

True or false: the Hardy Weinberg Principle says that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation.

A

True

128
Q

What is the equation for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

129
Q

When does the founder effect occur

A

When a species becomes isolated from other populations

130
Q

Define genetic drift

A

It reduces variation in alleles, it gets rid of harmful alleles, and it causes there to be overall less variation. It occurs in small populations.

131
Q

True or false: a neutral mutation causes no advantage or disadvantage

A

True

132
Q

What is the difference between intrasexual and intersexual selection?

A

Intrasexual: organisms from the same species/gender directly compete for mates of opposite gender. Intersexual: when opposite sex organisms are choosy about their mates and look for distinct characteristics that make them attractive like bright feathers.

133
Q

What are the 5 conditions for non-evolving populations?

A

1) no mutations
2) random mating
3) no natural selection
4) very large population
5) no gene flow

134
Q

What are some reasons why natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms?

A

It can only work with already existing traits so it can’t create its own perfect traits. It relies on past organisms and how they have developed overtime. Environmental factors have a huge influence and cannot really be controlled.

135
Q

True or false: a mutation is always harmful

A

False

136
Q

Two species interact rarely due to different environments

A

Habitat isolation

137
Q

Species which breed at different times in a day, different seasons, different years

A

Temporal isolation

138
Q

Barriers to mating due to unique species and courtship rituals

A

Behavioral isolation

139
Q

Unsuccessful mating due to morphological differences

A

Mechanical isolation

140
Q

Sperm of one species may not fertilize an egg of another

A

Gametic isolation

141
Q

Name a post-zygotic barrier that could prevent the offspring of sexual reproduction

A

Hybrid breakdown, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid viability

142
Q

What are hybrids?

A

Organisms that develop from two organisms from different species and are infertile-like a mule or donkey

143
Q

Define speciation

A

The formation of a new species

144
Q

Indicate the difference between sympatric and allopatric speciation and give an example for each

A

Allopatric: mating despite geographic isolation; grolar bear.
Sympatric: mating of species from same place/environment

145
Q

What is polyploidy? Is it more common in animals or plants?

A

Polyploidy is when excess chromosomes are in an organism. It is more common in plants than in animals.

146
Q

What islands did Charles Darwin travel to that made his work famous?

A

Galápagos Islands

147
Q

Reproductive barriers increase

A

Reinforcement

148
Q

Continued formation of hybrid species

A

Stability

149
Q

Reproductive barriers continue to weaken

A

Fusion

150
Q

What is a hybrid zone?

A

A zone where hybrids mate and produce offspring

151
Q

What are the oldest known fossils?

A

Stromatolites

152
Q

What is the correct order in hierarchical classification of an organism from specific to broad?

A

Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

153
Q

What is the most common technique to determine the age of a fossil?

A

Radiometric dating

154
Q

How long ago wS the earth created?

A

4.6 billion years ago

155
Q

What was the first genetic material?

A

RNA

156
Q

Fossil records favor species that were ___

A

Around for a long time, had hard parts, were widespread

157
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The ancestors/descendants of a species

158
Q

A ___ is a unit of hierarchy at any level

A

Taxon

159
Q

Includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor

A

Polyphyletic

160
Q

An ancestral species and some but not all of the descendants

A

Paraphyletic

161
Q

Includes the ancestor and all its descendants

A

Monophyletic

162
Q

Describe each of the five parts of a phylogenetic tree

A

Branch point-ancestors separate & are from different origins
Sister taxa-directly related ancestors
Rooted tree- organisms share common ancestor at base of tree
Basal taxon- unit hierarchy
Polytomy- more than two sister taxa

163
Q

What is a clade? Give an example.

A

A group of descendants and their ancestors from their species. Whales.

164
Q

What is the molecular clock?

A

Calculates evolutionary change

165
Q

Two differences between gram positive and gram negative

A

Gram positive: lots of peptidoglycan in cell wall

Gram negative: less peptidoglycan in cell wall

166
Q

True or false: thermophiles live in highly saline environments. Extreme halophiles thrive in very hot environments

A

False; other way

167
Q

What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotes?

A

Rod, coccli, spiral

168
Q

What are the three parts that composed the bacterial flagella?

A

Motor unit, rod, sporocytes

169
Q

True or false: prokaryotes reproduce through mitosis

A

False; binary fusion

170
Q

What is the name of the process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells?

A

Conjugation

171
Q

True or false: prokaryotic cells have organelles and are more complex than eukaryotic cells.

A

False

172
Q

Give an example of Excavata

A

Parabasalids

173
Q

Give an example of SAR clade

A

?

174
Q

Give an example of archaeaplastidia

A

?

175
Q

Give an example of unikonta

A

?

176
Q

True or false: endosymbiosis is a relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of the other organism

A

True

177
Q

Define mixotrophs

A

Protists that combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

178
Q

What is alternation of generations?

A

Fluctuation between diploid and haploid stages in plants

179
Q

How do fungi break down complex molecules into smaller organic compounds?

A

They use enzymes

180
Q

What is the specialized hyphae that some unique fungi have that allows them to penetrate the tissues of their host?

A

Haustoria

181
Q

Fungi reproduction is special because two cells cytoplasms and nuclei can fuse independently. What are these two processes called?

A

?

182
Q

A lichen us a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus. Give three characteristics of a lichen

A

?

183
Q

What type of fungus is the yeast?

A

Ascomycete

184
Q

Name a disease in humans due to bacteria

A

?

185
Q

Name a disease in humans due to protist

A

?

186
Q

Name a disease in humans due to fungus

A

Athlete’s foot

187
Q

What are the traits that land plants share only with charophytes?

A

Multicellular, algae-brown, golden

188
Q

List the five key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are not present in charophytes

A 
Multicellular gametangia 
Dependent embryos 
Walled spores
Alteration of generations
Apical meristems
189
Q

What is sporopollenin? What organisms have it?

A

It prevents zygotes from dying out

190
Q

Give ex of non-vascular plant

A

Bryophytes, moss

191
Q

Give ex of vascular plant w/o seed

A

?

192
Q

Give ex of vascular plant with seeds

A

?

193
Q

What parts does a flower have to be a complete flower?

A

Carpel, stamen, petal, sepal

194
Q

Name two advantages to pollen vs sperm

A

Easier to spread around-wind, animals

Reproduction is more efficient

195
Q

What does a seed consist of?

A

Embryo and protective coat

196
Q

What is a cuticle?

A

Protective film covering leaves

197
Q

What is pollination?

A

Transferring sperm to ovule, allows flower/plant to grow. Spermatogenesis goes to female tube and fertilizes

198
Q

True or false: phloem conducts most of the water and minerals and includes tube-shaped cells called tracheas

A

False; xylem carry water, phloem carry glucose

199
Q

True or false: a club moss is a bryophyte

A

False

200
Q

Why in angiosperms do we talk about double fertilization?

A

There are two sperms. One fertilizes the egg forming a diploid zygote; other fuses with two polar nuclei

201
Q

What is one similarity between platelets and erythrocytes?

A

Both do not contain a nucleus so they will not survive for a long time

202
Q

What causes sickle-cell disease?

A

Abnormal hemoglobin proteins that form aggregates which can deform. Sickled cells can rupture or block blood vessels

203
Q

What plays a big role in coagulation?

A

Calcium and vitamin k

204
Q

What is a cardiovascular disease that is caused by the buildup of fatty acids, or plaque, within arteries?

A

Atherosclerosis

205
Q

What is the difference between LDL (low density lipoprotein) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein)?

A

LDL delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production and HDL collects excess cholesterol so that it can be returned to the liver

206
Q

Gas exchange supplies ___ for cellular respiration and disposes of ___

A

O2; CO2

207
Q

Surfaces used by animals for respiration include:

A

Skin, lungs, gills, tracheae

208
Q

How do fish gills work for respiration?

A

Fish gills use a countercurrent exchange system where the water passing over the gills is going in the opposite direction as the fish’s blood. The blood has less oxygen than the water

209
Q

Give an example of an animal that has an open circulatory system

A

Grasshopper

210
Q

What are the types of circulatory fluid? Give examples of animals that have each.

A

Hemolymph and hemoglobin. A grasshopper has hemolymph. Frogs, fish, and pandas have hemoglobin

211
Q

The solute concentration of a solution is ___

A

Osmolarity

212
Q

What is the main organ of excretion for marine fish?

A

Gills because their kidneys do not work as well

213
Q

How do birds conserve water?

A

Birds excrete uric acid instead of urea

214
Q

What kind of excretory organ does a flatworm have? What type of waste is produced?

A

Protonephridia; ammonia

215
Q

True or false: water enters and leaves cells by osmosis

A

True

216
Q

What kind of excretory organ does a freshwater fish have? What type of waste is produced?

A

Kidney; ammonia

217
Q

What kind of excretory organ does a panda have? What type of waste is produced?

A

Kidneys; urea

218
Q

What type of excretory organ does a grasshopper have? What type of waste is produced?

A

Malphigians tubules; uric acid

219
Q

What is the difference between osmoconformers and osmoregulators?

A

Osmoconformers: isoosmotic w/ surroundings. Do not regulate their osmolarity.

Osmoregulators: expend their energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment

220
Q

What is the difference between stenohaline and euryhaline animals?

A

Most animals are stenohaline and cannot tolerate big changes in external osmolarity. Euryhaline animals can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity.

221
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

Cone shaped structure where an action potential is established

222
Q

Supporting cells that help with transmitting information and are intermingled with neurons

A

Glia cells

223
Q

What makes up the CNS (central nervous system)?

A

Brain and spinal cord

224
Q

What does the PNS (peripheral nervous system) do?

A

Carries information in and out of the CNS

225
Q

What is the difference between intracellular concentration and extracellular concentration?

A

Intracellular concentration is how many ions are inside of the cell. Extracellular is how many ions are outside of cell

226
Q

When a membrane potential becomes even more negative, potassium gets out, and the inside of the cell becomes negative it is called ___

A

Hyperpolarization

227
Q

When a membrane potential becomes positive, there is a reduction in magnitude of the membrane potential, and sodium goes inside of the cell it is called ___.

A

Depolarization

228
Q

When sodium channels close and potassium channels open, and potassium comes into the cell to recreate the membrane potential, it is called ___

A

Repolarization

229
Q

Which neurotransmitter has to do with anxiety disorders and hallucinations?

A

Serotonin

230
Q

Which neurotransmitter has to do with Parkinson’s disease and drug addiction?

A

Dopamine

231
Q

Which neurotransmitter has to do with ADHD and amphetamines?

A

Norepinephrine

232
Q

What is a set of interconnected nerve cells called?

A

A nerve net

233
Q

What animal has a brain, 2 nerve cords, and transverse nerves?

A

Flatworm

234
Q

What animal has a brain, a ventral nerve cord, and segmental ganglia?

A

Grasshopper

235
Q

What has no brain, an anterior nerve ring, and longitudinal nerve cords?

A

Chiton

236
Q

In vertebrates, what is a difference between the CNS and the PNS? What is a similarity?

A

The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS is composed of nerves and ganglia. A similarity is that both are known for region specialization.

237
Q

What are segmentally arranged clusters of neurons called?

A

Ganglia

238
Q

What do radial glial cells and astrocytes both act as?

A

Stem cells

239
Q

What is the difference between gray matter and white matter?

A

Gray matter consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. White matter consists of bundles of myelinated axons

240
Q

What regulates arousal and the “fight-or-flight” response? What promotes calming?

A

Sympathetic division; parasympathetic division

241
Q

Which brain structure is most important to the storage of emotion in the memory?

A

The amygdala

Bio152 (12 decks)

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