Chapter 40 Flashcards
In vertebrates, what is the fluid that allows for the movement of material into and out of cells and fills the space between cells?
Interstitial fluid
What are the four main tissue types?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
What is the purpose of epithelial tissue?
It covers the areas outside the body and lines organs
List 6 types of connective tissue
Ligaments, tendons, bones, adipose, blood, cartilage
What is muscle tissue comprised of?
Actin and myosin
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Receives, processes, and transmits info quickly through body
What is the difference between nerves and hormones?
Hormones act slower than nerves and affect a region in the body. Nerves are quick and target specific areas.
Define homeostasis
The body maintaining natural equilibrium with its external environment; maintaining body temperature, pH, and glucose concentration
What is the difference between an endotherm and an ectotherm?
Endotherms produce their own body heat. The body heat of ectotherms is based on their environment.
What is torpor?
The state in which physical activity is low and metabolic rate decreases. Hibernation is an example of a long term state or torpor.
Cells in the connective tissue that secrete the protein of extracellular fibers
Fibroblast cells
Skeletal muscle is responsible for what type of movement?
Voluntary
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue found in the body?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Give an example of negative feedback
When you are thirsty, your control center is stimulated, tells you to drink water, and it’s negative because once you drink water you are not thirsty anymore so it stops.
Give an example of positive feedback
Childbirth. Changes in body that cause more change, like childbirth-contractions increase. Keeps going.
What part of the brain controls thermoregulation?
Hypothalamus
What is the function of nervous tissue and what is it made up of?
Transmits info to a specific area of the body. Contains neurons and glial cells.
Is rate of exchange proportional to a cell’s surface area?
Yes
Dendrites, cell body, and axon are components of?
A neuron
Neurons and glia are components of?
Nervous tissue
How is metabolic rate determined?
An animal’s heat loss
Amount of O2 consumed or CO2 produced
Measuring energy content of food consumed or energy lost in waste
Use light energy to build energy rich molecules
Autotrophs
Obtain energy from food
Heterotrophs
When the body adjusts metabolic heat production to maintain body temp. Can be increased by muscle activity.
Thermogenesis
The flow and transformation of energy in an animal
Biogenetics
What are 5 adaptations that help animals thermoregulate
Insulation Circulatory adaptations Cooling by evaporative heat loss Behavioral responses Adjusting metabolic heat production
What are the 4 processes of heat exchange?
Radiation
Evaporation
Convection
Conduction
Name 3 parts of the integumentary system
Skin, hair, and nails
The rate of exchange is proportional to what?
A cell’s surface area
Binds and supports tissues; contains fibroblast and macrophage cells
Connective tissue
Lines organs and cavities; cells are joined tightly together
Epithelial tissue
Controls body movement, types are smooth, muscular, and cardiac
Muscle tissue
Receives, processes, and transfers information. Information moves from dendrites to axons.
Nervous tissue
Uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation
Regulator
Allows internal condition to vary with certain external changes
Conformer
What are 3 things animals exchange with the environment?
Nutrients
Waste products
Gases
How many organ systems are in mammals?
11
What is the hierarchy like organization of the makeup of the body?
Cell-tissue-organ-organ system
The process in which an animal adjusts to its external environment
Acclimatization
The smaller the animal…
The higher the metabolic rate
What is the main source of energy in animals?
ATP
What irfan system are the kidneys part of?
Excretory
Do tendons attach muscles to bones?
Yes
Governs physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours
Circadian rhythm
What type of animals generate heat by metabolism?
Endothermic
Give examples of organisms that have direct exchange with the environment
Hydra, amoeba, algae
What is the type of connective tissue that is found in tendons, connecting muscles to bones and ligaments, and connecting bones to joints?
Fibrous connective tissue
What are the 3 elements that are suspended in plasma in blood and what are their functions?
1) erythrocytes-carry O2 through body
2) leukocytes- help to prevent or fight disease
3) platelets- help with coagulation of blood
Name some factors that affect metabolic rate of a human
Age, size, temperature, sex, nutrition, activity
When there is a break or cut on human skin, the area repairs itself by regeneration of cells. Which type of epithelial tissue is responsible?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Attached to bones by tendons
Skeletal muscle tissue
Found in walls of heart
Cardiac muscle tissue
Found in walls of internal organs, arteries
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue is considered polar, meaning there are 2 different surfaces. What are the 2 sides of the epithelium?
Apical and basal surface
