Chapter 40

Question 1

In vertebrates, what is the fluid that allows for the movement of material into and out of cells and fills the space between cells?

Answer 1

Interstitial fluid

Question 2

What are the four main tissue types?

Answer 2

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Question 3

What is the purpose of epithelial tissue?

Answer 3

It covers the areas outside the body and lines organs

Question 4

List 6 types of connective tissue

Answer 4

Ligaments, tendons, bones, adipose, blood, cartilage

Question 5

What is muscle tissue comprised of?

Answer 5

Actin and myosin

Question 6

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Answer 6

Receives, processes, and transmits info quickly through body

Question 7

What is the difference between nerves and hormones?

Answer 7

Hormones act slower than nerves and affect a region in the body. Nerves are quick and target specific areas.

Question 8

Define homeostasis

Answer 8

The body maintaining natural equilibrium with its external environment; maintaining body temperature, pH, and glucose concentration

Question 9

What is the difference between an endotherm and an ectotherm?

Answer 9

Endotherms produce their own body heat. The body heat of ectotherms is based on their environment.

Question 10

What is torpor?

Answer 10

The state in which physical activity is low and metabolic rate decreases. Hibernation is an example of a long term state or torpor.

Question 11

Cells in the connective tissue that secrete the protein of extracellular fibers

Answer 11

Fibroblast cells

Question 12

Skeletal muscle is responsible for what type of movement?

Answer 12

Voluntary

Question 13

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue found in the body?

Answer 13

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

Question 14

Give an example of negative feedback

Answer 14

When you are thirsty, your control center is stimulated, tells you to drink water, and it’s negative because once you drink water you are not thirsty anymore so it stops.

Question 15

Give an example of positive feedback

Answer 15

Childbirth. Changes in body that cause more change, like childbirth-contractions increase. Keeps going.

Question 16

What part of the brain controls thermoregulation?

Answer 16

Hypothalamus

Question 17

What is the function of nervous tissue and what is it made up of?

Answer 17

Transmits info to a specific area of the body. Contains neurons and glial cells.

Question 18

Is rate of exchange proportional to a cell’s surface area?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

Dendrites, cell body, and axon are components of?

Answer 19

A neuron

Question 20

Neurons and glia are components of?

Answer 20

Nervous tissue

Question 21

How is metabolic rate determined?

Answer 21

An animal’s heat loss
Amount of O2 consumed or CO2 produced
Measuring energy content of food consumed or energy lost in waste

Question 22

Use light energy to build energy rich molecules

Answer 22

Autotrophs

Question 23

Obtain energy from food

Answer 23

Heterotrophs

Question 24

When the body adjusts metabolic heat production to maintain body temp. Can be increased by muscle activity.

Answer 24

Thermogenesis

Question 25

The flow and transformation of energy in an animal

Answer 25

Biogenetics

Question 26

What are 5 adaptations that help animals thermoregulate

Answer 26

``` Insulation Circulatory adaptations Cooling by evaporative heat loss Behavioral responses Adjusting metabolic heat production ```

Question 27

What are the 4 processes of heat exchange?

Answer 27

Radiation Evaporation Convection Conduction

Question 28

Name 3 parts of the integumentary system

Answer 28

Skin, hair, and nails

Question 29

The rate of exchange is proportional to what?

Answer 29

A cell's surface area

Question 30

Binds and supports tissues; contains fibroblast and macrophage cells

Answer 30

Connective tissue

Question 31

Lines organs and cavities; cells are joined tightly together

Answer 31

Epithelial tissue

Question 32

Controls body movement, types are smooth, muscular, and cardiac

Answer 32

Muscle tissue

Question 33

Receives, processes, and transfers information. Information moves from dendrites to axons.

Answer 33

Nervous tissue

Question 34

Uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

Answer 34

Regulator

Question 35

Allows internal condition to vary with certain external changes

Answer 35

Conformer

Question 36

What are 3 things animals exchange with the environment?

Answer 36

Nutrients Waste products Gases

Question 37

How many organ systems are in mammals?

Answer 37

11

Question 38

What is the hierarchy like organization of the makeup of the body?

Answer 38

Cell-tissue-organ-organ system

Question 39

The process in which an animal adjusts to its external environment

Answer 39

Acclimatization

Question 40

The smaller the animal...

Answer 40

The higher the metabolic rate

Question 41

What is the main source of energy in animals?

Answer 41

ATP

Question 42

What irfan system are the kidneys part of?

Answer 42

Excretory

Question 43

Do tendons attach muscles to bones?

Answer 43

Yes

Question 44

Governs physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours

Answer 44

Circadian rhythm

Question 45

What type of animals generate heat by metabolism?

Answer 45

Endothermic

Question 46

Give examples of organisms that have direct exchange with the environment

Answer 46

Hydra, amoeba, algae

Question 47

What is the type of connective tissue that is found in tendons, connecting muscles to bones and ligaments, and connecting bones to joints?

Answer 47

Fibrous connective tissue

Question 48

What are the 3 elements that are suspended in plasma in blood and what are their functions?

Answer 48

1) erythrocytes-carry O2 through body 2) leukocytes- help to prevent or fight disease 3) platelets- help with coagulation of blood

Question 49

Name some factors that affect metabolic rate of a human

Answer 49

Age, size, temperature, sex, nutrition, activity

Question 50

When there is a break or cut on human skin, the area repairs itself by regeneration of cells. Which type of epithelial tissue is responsible?

Answer 50

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 51

Attached to bones by tendons

Answer 51

Skeletal muscle tissue

Question 52

Found in walls of heart

Answer 52

Cardiac muscle tissue

Question 53

Found in walls of internal organs, arteries

Answer 53

Smooth muscle tissue

Question 54

Epithelial tissue is considered polar, meaning there are 2 different surfaces. What are the 2 sides of the epithelium?

Answer 54

Apical and basal surface