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Bio152 > Chapter 42 > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Flashcards

1
Q

Hemolymph goes directly into the organs. This system does not reuse the hemolymph used to transfer O2 to organs

A

Open circulatory system

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2
Q

Hemoglobin/Blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid. This system reuses blood and continues to recirculate it. Vessels go back to heart before to body

A

Closed circulatory system

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3
Q

Do humans have an open or closed circulatory system?

A

Closed

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4
Q

What types of animals have double circulation?

A

Amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

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5
Q

What does the SA node do?

A

Sets rate and time at which cardiac muscle cells contract

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6
Q

Fluid lost by capillaries

A

Lymph

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7
Q

What cellular element is found most in blood and transports O2 and CO2?

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

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8
Q

Collects excess cholesterol so that it can be returned to the liver. Good for you.

A

HDL

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9
Q

Delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production. Increases risks of heart attacks and stroke. Bad for you.

A

LDL

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10
Q

Takes place at alveoli (tips of bronchioles)

A

Gas exchange

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11
Q

What is one similarity between platelets and erythrocytes?

A

Both do not contain a nucleus, so they will not survive for a long time

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12
Q

What causes sickle cell disease?

A

Erythrocytes in body do not form complete round cell, but are hook shaped and can get stuck in blood vessels-causes build up and can rupture. Abnormal hemoglobin proteins build up and can deform. Sickle cells can rupture or block blood vessels.

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13
Q

Plays big role in coagulation

A

Vitamin k

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14
Q

Gas exchange supplies ____ for cellular respiration and disposes of ___

A

O2; CO2

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15
Q

How fish gills work for respiration. Water passing over gills is going in the opposite direction as the fish’s blood. The blood has less oxygen than the water.

A

Countercurrent exchange system

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16
Q

What kind of circulatory system does a a grasshopper have?

A

Open

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17
Q

Frogs, fish, and pandas have ___

A

Hemoglobin

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18
Q

A grasshopper has ___

A

Hemolymph

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19
Q

The vessel that supplies the heart muscle with oxygenated blood is the ___

A

Coronary artery

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20
Q

Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the different parts of the body?

A

Ventricle

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21
Q

What is the main function of the circulatory system in the human body?

A

Transporting nutrients

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22
Q

What are the 3 main types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, veins, capillaries

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23
Q

What animals have a single circulatory system with a two-chambered heart?

A

Bony fishes, rays, sharks

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24
Q

When oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart, that means ___

A

Double circulation

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25
Q

Blood is oxygenated as it is being moved to the organs

A

Single pump system

26
Q

Separate sets of arteries and veins are used to first oxygenate the blood and then send it to the organs

A

Double pump system

27
Q

What animals usually have a single pump circulatory system?

A

Fish and marine animals

28
Q

List the leukocytes, greatest to least in amount present

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

29
Q

Why is it important to expel CO2 from the body?

A

CO2 in water forms an acidic substance which lowers blood pH. This can denature enzymes and cause harm to body.

30
Q

Example of endotherm

A

Mammals; birds. Require more O2 than ectotherms

31
Q

Contraction/pumping of heart

A

Systole

32
Q

Relaxation/filling phase

A

Diastole

33
Q

What do animals that lack circulatory systems have? Functions both as a digestive system and a circulatory system

A

Gastrovascular cavity

34
Q

Why are the endothelial walls of the capillaries so thin?

A

So that gas exchange can happen easily and more efficiently

35
Q

Help body fight off infections

A

Lymph nodes

36
Q

True/false: in single circulation, blood leaving the heart passes through two capillary beds before returning

A

True

37
Q

True/false: oxygenated blood goes through the left atrium and left ventricle, towards the aorta

A

True

38
Q

Order of blood flow for a 4 chambered heart starting with right atrium?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, lung capillaries, left atrium, left ventricle, systematic capillaries

39
Q

Separate each atrium and ventricle

A

Atrioventricular valves

40
Q

The epithelial tissue that lines blood vessels

A

Endothelium

41
Q

Which have thicker walls, veins or arteries?

A

Arteries

42
Q

Why is diffusion only efficient over small distances?

A

The time it takes to diffuse is proportional to the square of the distance

43
Q

What percentage of blood does plasma make up?

A

55%

44
Q

What percentage of blood do elements make up?

A

45%

45
Q

Positive pressure which forces air down the trachea

A

How amphibians breathe

46
Q

Have 8/9 sacs which keep air flowing through lungs in one direction

A

How birds breathe

47
Q

Negative pressure, which pulls air into the lungs

A

How mammals breathe

48
Q

Frogs and amphibians have a ___ chamber heart

A

3

49
Q

What do mammals have that allows them to be able to dive?

A

Myoglobin

50
Q

A blood clot within a vessel

A

Thrombus

51
Q

Animal with a closed system with blood and positive pressure

A

Panda

52
Q

Fish have a ___ chamber heart

A

2

53
Q

Protein responsible for the transport of O2 in the body

A

Hemoglobin

54
Q

A mixture that contains phospholipids and proteins used to clot the alveoli and reduce surface tension

A

Surfactant

55
Q

Part of brain that directly controls breathing

A

Medulla oblongata

56
Q

What two factors are important for coagulation in the blood?

A

Calcium and vitamin k

57
Q

Amphibians have a ___ chambered heart

A

3

58
Q

Returns fluid that leaks out of the capillaries

A

Lymphatic system

59
Q

Platelets and erythrocytes do not have a ___

A

Nucleus

60
Q

Jellyfish and flatworms have body walls that are only ___ cells thick

A

2

61
Q

What animal does not have a circulatory system?

A

Jellyfish

Bio152 (12 decks)

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