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Bio152 > Chapter 43 > Flashcards

Chapter 43 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of phagocytic cells?

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Eosinophils

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2
Q

Engulf and destroy pathogens

A

Neutrophils

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3
Q

Found throughout the body

A

Macrophages

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4
Q

Stimulate development of adaptive immunity

A

Dendritic cells

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5
Q

Discharge destructive enzymes

A

Eosinophils

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6
Q

What are the two main phagocytic cells?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

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7
Q

Agents that cause bacteria/disease

A

Pathogens

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8
Q

Where are white blood cells formed?

A

Bone marrow

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9
Q

Where do white blood cells differentiate?

A

Thymus

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10
Q

What are the different types of antibodies?

A 
IgA
IgE
IgG
IgM
IgD
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11
Q

What type of defense do interferon proteins provide?

A

Innate defense

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12
Q

Where do antigens get responses from?

A

B and T cells

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13
Q

Defense active immediately upon infection

A

Innate immunity

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14
Q

Recognizes foreign bodies and responds by producing immune cells and proteins

A

The immune system

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15
Q

Type of immunity in all animals. Recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using a small set of receptors

A

Innate immunity

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16
Q

Type of immunity only in vertebrates. Recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors

A

Adaptive immunity

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17
Q

What protects the digestive system?

A

A chitin-based barrier and lysozyme

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18
Q

An enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls

A

Lysozyme

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19
Q

How can the immune system recognize bacteria and fungi?

A

By structures on their cell walls

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20
Q

Recognize fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

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21
Q

Made up of about 30 proteins which causes lysis of invading cells and helps trigger inflammation

A

Complement system

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22
Q

A type of connective tissue. Release histamine which triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable

A

Mast cells

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23
Q

Molecule released from mast cells to signal inflammation and pain. Triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable.

A

Histamine

24
Q

What does enhanced blood flow to a site help with?

A

Helps deliver antimicrobial peptides that result in accumulation of pus

25
Q

Fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissue

A

Pus

26
Q

Life-threatening condition caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response

A

Septic shock

27
Q

Which responds faster-innate immunity or adaptive immunity?

A

Innate immunity

28
Q

The internal immune defense insects use to destroy bacteria or foreign substances in hemolymph

A

Phagocytosis

29
Q

Signals the production of antibodies; work in humoral and cell-mediated immune responses

A

Helper T cells

30
Q

Name procedures that can cause immune rejection

A

Organ, skin, and tissue transplantation; blood transfusion

31
Q

When a virus or disease does not trigger an immune response and becomes inactive in the body

A

Latent

32
Q

Where are lymphocytes created?

A

Stem cells in bone marrow

33
Q

In insects, what is the first barrier to pathogens?

A

An exoskeleton made of chitin

34
Q

What are some barriers/defenses of innate immunity?

A

Skin & mucous membranes of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

35
Q

Provide innate defense, interfering with viruses and helping activate macrophages

A

Interferon proteins

36
Q

What are the four major characteristics of the adaptive immune system?

A

1) diversity of lymphocytes and receptors
2) self-tolerance
3) B and T cells proliferate after activation
4) Immunological memory

37
Q

Responsible for long-term protections against diseases

A

Immunological memory

38
Q

What two types of defenses are provided by B and T lymphocytes?

A

Humoral immune response and cell-mediated immune response

39
Q

Antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in the blood and lymph.

A

Humoral immune response

40
Q

Specialized T cells destroy affected host cells

A

Cell-mediated immune response

41
Q

Develops naturally as pathogen invades body and elicits primary or secondary immune response

A

Active immunity

42
Q

Provides immediate, short-term protection

A

Passive immunity

43
Q

Adaptive responses rely on what two types of lymphocytes?

A

T and B cells

44
Q

How do phagocytic cells recognize groups of pathogens?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

45
Q

How do killer cells kill cells?

A

Release chemicals that kill and inhibit the spread of disease

46
Q

How do muscles swell?

A

Mast cells release histamine which makes blood vessels dilate

47
Q

What is one way pathogens avoid being detected?

A

Changing their surface

48
Q

What is one way to elicit a response from a B or T cell?

A

Have an antigen come

49
Q

Process when major histocompatibility complex molecules bind and transport antigen fragments to the cell surface

A

Antigen presentation

50
Q

How are antigen receptors generated?

A

Random rearrangement of DNA

51
Q

When a doctor puts antigens into your body to make you resistant to a disease

A

Immunization

52
Q

Diseases when the immune system attacks the body. Give examples

A

Autoimmune diseases; diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis

53
Q

Have Y-shaped antigen receptors

A

B cells

54
Q

Have straight antigen receptors

A

T cells

55
Q

The small accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor

A

Epitope

56
Q

All organisms have ___ cells and ___ ___ cells

A

Phagocytic cells; natural killer cells

Bio152 (12 decks)

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