Ch. 25, 26, 27 Flashcards
1
Q
The scientific discipline concerned with classifying and naming organisms
A
Taxonomy
2
Q
What are the taxonomic groups from broad to narrow?
A
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order family genus, species
3
Q
Similarity due to shared ancestry
A
Homology
4
Q
Similarity due to convergent evolution
A
Analogy
5
Q
When similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages
A
Convergent evolution
6
Q
Analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently
A
Homoplasies
7
Q
Grouping that consists of an ancestral species and some but not all of the descendants
A
Paraphyletic grouping
8
Q
Grouping that includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor
A
Apolyphyletic grouping
9
Q
Uses constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change
A
Molecular clock
10
Q
Genes found in a single copy in the genome. Are homologous between species.
A
Orthologous genes
11
Q
The movement of genes from one genome to another
A
Horizontal gene transfer
12
Q
When did earth form
A
4.6 billion years ago
13
Q
What was the first genetic material?
A
RNA
14
Q
What kind of species is the fossil record biased in favor of?
A
Species that existed for a long time, were abundant and widespread, and had hard parts
15
Q
How are the absolute ages of fossils determined?
A
By radiometric dating
16
Q
What are the three eras that the Phanerozoic era is divided into?
A
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
17
Q
What is the name of the oldest known fossils?
A
Stromatolites
18
Q
Rocks formed by the accumulation of sedimentary layers on bacterial mats
A
Stromatolites
19
Q
Theory that proposes that mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts & related organelles) were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells
A
The endosymbiont theory
20
Q
What causes extinction?
A
Changes in a species’ environment
21
Q
The result of disruptive global environmental changes
A
Mass extinctions
22
Q
The sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern animal phyla in the Cambrian period
A
Cambrian explosion
23
Q
When was the Cambrian period?
A
535 million years ago
24
Q
What are some effects that formation of Pangaea had?
A
Deepening of ocean basins, reduction in the shallow water habitat, a colder and drier climate inland
25
When was Pangaea formed?
250 million years ago
26
What is the most important feature of all prokaryotic cells? Why?
Their cell wall. It maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment
27
Bacteria cell walls contain ____, a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides
Peptidoglycan
28
Allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA
Pili
29
Metabolic cooperation occurs between different prokaryotic species in surface-coating colonies
Biofilms
30
What are the four major modes of nutrition that energy and carbon sources combine to give?
Photoautotrophy, chemoautotrophy, photoheterotrophy, chemoheterotrophy
31
Name three factors that contribute to genetic diversity in prokaryotes
Rapid reproduction, mutation, genetic recombination
32
The movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)
Transduction
33
How can some bacteria survive antibiotics?
Some bacteria have R plasmids which carry genes for antibiotic resistance
34
Obtain energy from light
Phototrophs
35
Obtain energy from chemicals
Chemotrophs
36
Require CO2 as a carbon source
Autotrophs
37
Require an organic nutrient (like carbon) to make organic compounds
Heterotrophs
38
What are three things that prokaryotes can sometimes increase for plant growth?
The availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
39
What are three factors contributing to extinction?
Toxic conditions, global warming, intense volcanos
40
How are RNA molecules produced?
Spontaneously from simple molecules
41
Time required for half the parent to decay
Half-life
42
How long ago was Earth formed?
4.6 billion years ago
43
Rapid evolution of diversely adapted species from a common ancestor
Adaptive radiation
44
Groups that share an immediate common ancestor
Sister taxa
45
What is the purpose of cladistics?
To group organisms by common descent
46
Character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
Shared ancestral character
47
Evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade
Shared derived character
48
What was the first cell?
Prokaryote
49
Are prokaryotes multicellular or unicellular?
Unicellular
50
What makes up the cell walls of eukaryotes?
Cellulose or chitin
51
What are the three main parts that bacterial flagella are composed of?
Motor, hook, and filament
52
What are three key functions of prokaryotic reproduction?
1. Small
2. Reproduce by binary fusion
3. Short generation time
53
What are three factors that contribute to genetic diversity?
1. Rapid reproduction
2. Mutation
3. Genetic recombination
54
What covers many prokaryotes?
Capsule
55
What is the purpose of R plasmids?
Carry genes for antibiotic resistance
56
One bacterial cell attaches a pilus to the other bacterial cell in order to transfer DNA
//when genetic material is being transferred between prokaryotic cells
Conjugation
57
What are the two parts in the binomial format in naming an organism?
Genus and epithet
58
Group that consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants
Monophyletic group
59
What does branch length represent on a phylogenetic tree?
Level of evolutionary change or times which particular events occurred
60
What are the two types of homologous genes?
Orthologous and paralogous
61
What are the three domains of life?
Eukarya, archaea, bacteria
62
A group which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants
Clade
63
Consists of distantly related species but does not include the most recent common ancestor
Polyphyletic group
64
Where lineages diverge on a phylogenetic tree
Branch point
65
Bacteria that have a large amount of peptidoglycan on the cell wall
Gram positive bacteria
66
Bacteria that have less peptidoglycan. Have an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides
Gram negative bacteria
67
What is a way that mutualistic bacteria benefits humans?
Digests food we cannot break down; signals for building of network of intestinal blood vessels; induce human cells to produce antimicrobial compounds
68
Released when the bacteria dies and the cell wall breaks down
Endotoxins
69
Proteins released by bacteria that causes illness and disease in humans
Exotoxins
70
One species benefits but the other is neither harmed nor gains any benefit in the relationship
Commensalism
71
Is cyanobacteria gram positive or gram negative?
Gram negative
72
What is the energy source of photo heterotrophs?
Light
73
A time scale dividing Earth's history into four eons and several other subdivisions
Geologic record
74
In which eon did single celled eukaryotes appear on earth?
Proterozoic eon
75
What caused the single continent Pangea to become the 7 continents of present day?
Continental drift
76
What were the two most recognized of the "Big Five" mass extinction events?
Permian and Cretaceous
77
Deep sea vents that release warm, high pH water
Alkaline vents
78
What are the four stages that had to happen for very simple cells to be produced in early earth?
1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
2. Joining these small molecules to make macromolecules
3. Packaging molecules into protocells
4. Origin of self-replicating molecules (making inheritance possible)
79
RNA catalysts that can also aid in duplicating RNA
Ribozymes
80
True or false: in water lipids and other organic molecules can spontaneously form vesicles with a lipid bilayer
True
81
What group of animals do mammals belong to?
Tetrapods
82
Assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the most likely
Maximum parsimony
83
The ability to move toward or away from a stimulus
Taxis
84
In a heterogeneous environment, many bacteria exhibit ___
Taxis
85
Some species of bacteria have smaller rings of DNA called ___
Plasmids
86
Movement of genes among individuals from different species
Horizontal gene transfer
87
Some archaea live in extreme environments and are called ___
Extremophiles
88
Live in highly saline environments
Extreme halophiles
89
Thrive in hot environments
Extreme thermophiles
90
An ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact: a larger host and a smaller symbiont
Symbiosis
91
One organism benefits while neither harming or helping the other
Commensalism
92
Both symbiotic organisms benefit
Mutualism
93
The emergence of terrestrial vertebrates, the impact of mass extinctions, and the origin of flight in birds are examples of what kind of changes?
Macroevolutionary changes
94
The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
Phylogeny
95
What do small organic molecules do when they are concentrated on hot sand, clay or rock?
They polymerize
96
What are two key properties of life that may have appeared together in protocells?
Replication and metabolism
97
How may have protocells formed?
From fluid-filled vesicles with a membrane-like structure
98
What do ribosomes do?
Catalyze reactions and can make complementary copies of short stretches of RNA
99
T or F: natural selection has produced self-replicating RNA molecules
True
100
Give an example of phylogeny
Shows that legless lizards and snakes evolved from different lineages of legged lizards
101
Classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships
Systematics
102
The two-part scientific name of a species
Binomial
103
List five parts of a phylogenetic tree
1. Branch point
2. Sister taxa
3. Rooted tree
4. Basal taxon
5. Polytomy
104
Represents divergence of two species
Branch point
105
Groups that share immediate common ancestor
Sister taxa
106
Includes branch to represent last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree
Rooted tree
107
Diverges early in history of a group; originates near common ancestor of group
Basal taxon
108
Branch from which more than two groups emerge
Polytomy
109
What can phylogenetic trees not show?
When species evolved or how much change occurred in a lineage
110
Give example of practical use of phylogeny
To identify the species of whale from which whale meat originated
111
What makes Utah's Great Salt Lake a pink color?
Living prokaryotes
112
What is the salt concentration that Utah's Great Salt Lake can reach?
32%
113
True or false: prokaryotes can only survive in certain conditions
False: prokaryotes can thrive almost anywhere, even in places that are too acidic, salty, cold, or hot for most other organisms
114
What are the two domains that prokaryotes are divided into?
Bacteria and archaea
115
What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotes?
Spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals
116
What do bacterial cell walls contain?
Peptidoglycan-a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides
117
Archaea contain ___ and ____ but lack ____
Polysaccharides and proteins; lack peptidoglycan
118
Simpler walls, lots of peptidoglycan
Gram-positive
119
Less peptidoglycan; outer membrane can be toxic
Gram-negative
