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Bio152 > Ch. 25, 26, 27 > Flashcards

Ch. 25, 26, 27 Flashcards

1
Q

The scientific discipline concerned with classifying and naming organisms

A

Taxonomy

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2
Q

What are the taxonomic groups from broad to narrow?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order family genus, species

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3
Q

Similarity due to shared ancestry

A

Homology

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4
Q

Similarity due to convergent evolution

A

Analogy

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5
Q

When similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

A

Convergent evolution

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6
Q

Analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently

A

Homoplasies

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7
Q

Grouping that consists of an ancestral species and some but not all of the descendants

A

Paraphyletic grouping

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8
Q

Grouping that includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor

A

Apolyphyletic grouping

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9
Q

Uses constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change

A

Molecular clock

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10
Q

Genes found in a single copy in the genome. Are homologous between species.

A

Orthologous genes

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11
Q

The movement of genes from one genome to another

A

Horizontal gene transfer

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12
Q

When did earth form

A

4.6 billion years ago

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13
Q

What was the first genetic material?

A

RNA

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14
Q

What kind of species is the fossil record biased in favor of?

A

Species that existed for a long time, were abundant and widespread, and had hard parts

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15
Q

How are the absolute ages of fossils determined?

A

By radiometric dating

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16
Q

What are the three eras that the Phanerozoic era is divided into?

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

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17
Q

What is the name of the oldest known fossils?

A

Stromatolites

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18
Q

Rocks formed by the accumulation of sedimentary layers on bacterial mats

A

Stromatolites

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19
Q

Theory that proposes that mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts & related organelles) were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells

A

The endosymbiont theory

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20
Q

What causes extinction?

A

Changes in a species’ environment

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21
Q

The result of disruptive global environmental changes

A

Mass extinctions

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22
Q

The sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern animal phyla in the Cambrian period

A

Cambrian explosion

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23
Q

When was the Cambrian period?

A

535 million years ago

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24
Q

What are some effects that formation of Pangaea had?

A

Deepening of ocean basins, reduction in the shallow water habitat, a colder and drier climate inland

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25
Q

When was Pangaea formed?

A

250 million years ago

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26
Q

What is the most important feature of all prokaryotic cells? Why?

A

Their cell wall. It maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment

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27
Q

Bacteria cell walls contain ____, a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

A

Peptidoglycan

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28
Q

Allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA

A

Pili

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29
Q

Metabolic cooperation occurs between different prokaryotic species in surface-coating colonies

A

Biofilms

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30
Q

What are the four major modes of nutrition that energy and carbon sources combine to give?

A

Photoautotrophy, chemoautotrophy, photoheterotrophy, chemoheterotrophy

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31
Q

Name three factors that contribute to genetic diversity in prokaryotes

A

Rapid reproduction, mutation, genetic recombination

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32
Q

The movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)

A

Transduction

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33
Q

How can some bacteria survive antibiotics?

A

Some bacteria have R plasmids which carry genes for antibiotic resistance

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34
Q

Obtain energy from light

A

Phototrophs

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35
Q

Obtain energy from chemicals

A

Chemotrophs

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36
Q

Require CO2 as a carbon source

A

Autotrophs

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37
Q

Require an organic nutrient (like carbon) to make organic compounds

A

Heterotrophs

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38
Q

What are three things that prokaryotes can sometimes increase for plant growth?

A

The availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

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39
Q

What are three factors contributing to extinction?

A

Toxic conditions, global warming, intense volcanos

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40
Q

How are RNA molecules produced?

A

Spontaneously from simple molecules

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41
Q

Time required for half the parent to decay

A

Half-life

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42
Q

How long ago was Earth formed?

A

4.6 billion years ago

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43
Q

Rapid evolution of diversely adapted species from a common ancestor

A

Adaptive radiation

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44
Q

Groups that share an immediate common ancestor

A

Sister taxa

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45
Q

What is the purpose of cladistics?

A

To group organisms by common descent

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46
Q

Character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

A

Shared ancestral character

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47
Q

Evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

A

Shared derived character

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48
Q

What was the first cell?

A

Prokaryote

49
Q

Are prokaryotes multicellular or unicellular?

A

Unicellular

50
Q

What makes up the cell walls of eukaryotes?

A

Cellulose or chitin

51
Q

What are the three main parts that bacterial flagella are composed of?

A

Motor, hook, and filament

52
Q

What are three key functions of prokaryotic reproduction?

A
  1. Small
  2. Reproduce by binary fusion
  3. Short generation time
53
Q

What are three factors that contribute to genetic diversity?

A
  1. Rapid reproduction
  2. Mutation
  3. Genetic recombination
54
Q

What covers many prokaryotes?

55
Q

What is the purpose of R plasmids?

A

Carry genes for antibiotic resistance

56
Q

One bacterial cell attaches a pilus to the other bacterial cell in order to transfer DNA

//when genetic material is being transferred between prokaryotic cells

A

Conjugation

57
Q

What are the two parts in the binomial format in naming an organism?

A

Genus and epithet

58
Q

Group that consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants

A

Monophyletic group

59
Q

What does branch length represent on a phylogenetic tree?

A

Level of evolutionary change or times which particular events occurred

60
Q

What are the two types of homologous genes?

A

Orthologous and paralogous

61
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Eukarya, archaea, bacteria

62
Q

A group which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants

63
Q

Consists of distantly related species but does not include the most recent common ancestor

A

Polyphyletic group

64
Q

Where lineages diverge on a phylogenetic tree

A

Branch point

65
Q

Bacteria that have a large amount of peptidoglycan on the cell wall

A

Gram positive bacteria

66
Q

Bacteria that have less peptidoglycan. Have an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides

A

Gram negative bacteria

67
Q

What is a way that mutualistic bacteria benefits humans?

A

Digests food we cannot break down; signals for building of network of intestinal blood vessels; induce human cells to produce antimicrobial compounds

68
Q

Released when the bacteria dies and the cell wall breaks down

A

Endotoxins

69
Q

Proteins released by bacteria that causes illness and disease in humans

70
Q

One species benefits but the other is neither harmed nor gains any benefit in the relationship

A

Commensalism

71
Q

Is cyanobacteria gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram negative

72
Q

What is the energy source of photo heterotrophs?

73
Q

A time scale dividing Earth’s history into four eons and several other subdivisions

A

Geologic record

74
Q

In which eon did single celled eukaryotes appear on earth?

A

Proterozoic eon

75
Q

What caused the single continent Pangea to become the 7 continents of present day?

A

Continental drift

76
Q

What were the two most recognized of the “Big Five” mass extinction events?

A

Permian and Cretaceous

77
Q

Deep sea vents that release warm, high pH water

A

Alkaline vents

78
Q

What are the four stages that had to happen for very simple cells to be produced in early earth?

A
  1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
  2. Joining these small molecules to make macromolecules
  3. Packaging molecules into protocells
  4. Origin of self-replicating molecules (making inheritance possible)
79
Q

RNA catalysts that can also aid in duplicating RNA

80
Q

True or false: in water lipids and other organic molecules can spontaneously form vesicles with a lipid bilayer

81
Q

What group of animals do mammals belong to?

82
Q

Assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the most likely

A

Maximum parsimony

83
Q

The ability to move toward or away from a stimulus

84
Q

In a heterogeneous environment, many bacteria exhibit ___

85
Q

Some species of bacteria have smaller rings of DNA called ___

86
Q

Movement of genes among individuals from different species

A

Horizontal gene transfer

87
Q

Some archaea live in extreme environments and are called ___

A

Extremophiles

88
Q

Live in highly saline environments

A

Extreme halophiles

89
Q

Thrive in hot environments

A

Extreme thermophiles

90
Q

An ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact: a larger host and a smaller symbiont

91
Q

One organism benefits while neither harming or helping the other

A

Commensalism

92
Q

Both symbiotic organisms benefit

93
Q

The emergence of terrestrial vertebrates, the impact of mass extinctions, and the origin of flight in birds are examples of what kind of changes?

A

Macroevolutionary changes

94
Q

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

95
Q

What do small organic molecules do when they are concentrated on hot sand, clay or rock?

A

They polymerize

96
Q

What are two key properties of life that may have appeared together in protocells?

A

Replication and metabolism

97
Q

How may have protocells formed?

A

From fluid-filled vesicles with a membrane-like structure

98
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Catalyze reactions and can make complementary copies of short stretches of RNA

99
Q

T or F: natural selection has produced self-replicating RNA molecules

100
Q

Give an example of phylogeny

A

Shows that legless lizards and snakes evolved from different lineages of legged lizards

101
Q

Classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

A

Systematics

102
Q

The two-part scientific name of a species

103
Q

List five parts of a phylogenetic tree

A
  1. Branch point
  2. Sister taxa
  3. Rooted tree
  4. Basal taxon
  5. Polytomy
104
Q

Represents divergence of two species

A

Branch point

105
Q

Groups that share immediate common ancestor

A

Sister taxa

106
Q

Includes branch to represent last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

A

Rooted tree

107
Q

Diverges early in history of a group; originates near common ancestor of group

A

Basal taxon

108
Q

Branch from which more than two groups emerge

109
Q

What can phylogenetic trees not show?

A

When species evolved or how much change occurred in a lineage

110
Q

Give example of practical use of phylogeny

A

To identify the species of whale from which whale meat originated

111
Q

What makes Utah’s Great Salt Lake a pink color?

A

Living prokaryotes

112
Q

What is the salt concentration that Utah’s Great Salt Lake can reach?

113
Q

True or false: prokaryotes can only survive in certain conditions

A

False: prokaryotes can thrive almost anywhere, even in places that are too acidic, salty, cold, or hot for most other organisms

114
Q

What are the two domains that prokaryotes are divided into?

A

Bacteria and archaea

115
Q

What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotes?

A

Spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals

116
Q

What do bacterial cell walls contain?

A

Peptidoglycan-a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

117
Q

Archaea contain ___ and ____ but lack ____

A

Polysaccharides and proteins; lack peptidoglycan

118
Q

Simpler walls, lots of peptidoglycan

A

Gram-positive

119
Q

Less peptidoglycan; outer membrane can be toxic

A

Gram-negative

Bio152 (12 decks)

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