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Bio152 > Chapter 50 > Flashcards

Chapter 50 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 types of sensory receptors?

A 
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors 
Electromagnetic receptors 
Thermoreceptors
Pain receptors
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2
Q

Granules within the utricle and saccule that help perceive relative position to gravity and/or linear movement

A

Otoliths

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3
Q

How does the vertebrate visual system work?

A

Eyes detect color and light; brain assembles information input to perceive image

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4
Q

What 2 senses do aquatic animals not differentiate?

A

Olfaction and gustation (smell and taste)

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of taste receptors?

A

Protein receptors
TRP receptors
Sodium channels

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6
Q

Taste receptor for sweet, umami, and bitter

A

Protein receptors (GPCRS)

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7
Q

Taste receptor for sour

A

TRP receptor

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8
Q

Taste receptor for salty

A

Sodium channels

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9
Q

Is smell based on chemoreceptors or neurons?

A

Neurons

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10
Q

Muscle cell contraction relies on what?

A

Thin filament (actin) and thick filament (myosin)

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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12
Q

What are the types of skeletal systems?

A

Hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton, endoskeleton

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13
Q

The conversion of stimulus energy into a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor

A

Sensory transduction

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14
Q

Decrease in responsiveness to continued stimulation

A

Sensory adaptation

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15
Q

The strengthening of sensory signal during transduction

A

Amplification

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16
Q

Receptors that respond to excess heat, pressure, or chemicals released from damaged or inflamed tissues

A

Pain receptors

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17
Q

The ear conveys information about what?

A

Volume and pitch

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18
Q

The amplitude of the sound waves

A

Volume

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19
Q

The frequency of the sound waves

A

Pitch

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20
Q

The ___ and ___ contain granules called otoliths that allow us to perceive position relative to gravity of linear movement

A

Utricle; saccule

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21
Q

What’s another name for pain receptor?

A

Nociceptors

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22
Q

Where is the tympanic membrane located?

A

In the outer ear

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23
Q

What system do most fish use? What type of receptors do they use?

A

Lateral line system; mechanoreceptors

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24
Q

T or F: invertebrates have compound eyes

A

False

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25
Q

Detect colors

A

Cones

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26
Q

Detect black and white

A

Rods

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27
Q

What’s the name of the movement used by annelids with a hydrostatic skeleton?

A

Peristalsis (use fluid in body to create waves to make them crawl)

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28
Q

The brain’s construction of stimuli

A

Perception

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29
Q

How do myosin and actin make muscles constrict?

A

They pull on each other

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30
Q

What are the 5 tastes that the human tongue can pick up?

A

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, unami

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31
Q

What type of eyes do most insects have?

A

Ommatidia

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32
Q

What type of eyes do humans have?

A

Single-lens, pupil, iris

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33
Q

What are the 3 bones in the ear?

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

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34
Q

What is gustation dependent on?

A

Tastants

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35
Q

Name a part of the outer ear

A

Pinna

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36
Q

Name a part of the middle ear

A

Oval window

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37
Q

Name a part of the inner ear

A

Cochlea

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38
Q

How fish detect water movement and how they hear

A

Lateral line system

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39
Q

What causes the SR to release Ca2+?

A

Action potential traveling through the T-tubules

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40
Q

Since the response of a sensory receptor varies with intensity of stimuli, what is the result if the receptor is a neuron vs not a neuron?

A

IS a neuron: larger receptor potential results in more frequent action potentials

Is NOT a neuron: larger receptor potential causes more neurotransmitters to be released

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41
Q

Where can you find the mechanoreceptors that help maintain equilibrium in most invertebrates?

42
Q

In response to glutamate, some bipolar cells are ___ while others are ___

A

Hyperpolarized; depolarized

43
Q

The center of the visual field. Contains no rods but is composed of a high density of cones

44
Q

Olfaction is dependent on what?

A

Odorant molecules

45
Q

Can aquatic animals distinguish between taste and smell?

46
Q

What causes a twitch?

A

A single action potential in a motor neuron

47
Q

A state of smooth and sustained contraction produced when motor neurons deliver a volley of action potentials

48
Q

Respond to heat and cold by helping regulate body temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

49
Q

Ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments relax

A

Near vision

50
Q

What is another name for skeletal muscle?

A

Striated muscle

51
Q

What are 2 basic mechanisms by which the nervous system produces graded contractions?

A

1) varying # of fibers that contract

2) varying rate @ which fibers are stimulated

52
Q

Name an organism that uses electromagnetic receptors to detect stimuli

A

Fish, whales

53
Q

What are the 3 bones located in the middle ear?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

54
Q

The organ of corti contains ___ that consist of hair cells to pick up sound

A

Mechanoreceptors

55
Q

Insects and crustaceans have excellent color vision and can see UV light. What allows this to happen?

A

They have compound eyes that consist of several thousand light detectors (ommatidia)

56
Q

Where is Ca2+ stored in the muscle fiber?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

57
Q

What color is slow twitch muscle?

58
Q

What color is fast twitch muscle?

59
Q

Found in vertebrates
Lack striations
Located in walls of organs, blood vessels, organs of digestive tract

A

Smooth muscle

60
Q

What organisms have an exoskeleton?

A

Clams, turtles, mollusks

61
Q

Maintain equilibrium using mechanoreceptors

A

Statocysts

62
Q

The change in membrane potential

A

Receptor potential

63
Q

Receptor potentials are ___ potentials

64
Q

Sense physical changes in the environment like pressure, stretch, motion, and sound

A

Mechanoreceptors

65
Q

Detect electromagnetic energy like light, electricity, and magnetism

A

Electromagnetic receptors

66
Q

T or F: When a stimulus’s input to the nervous system is processed, a motor response may be generated

67
Q

T or F: for many sensory receptors, transfusing the energy in a stimulus into a receptor potential initiates action potentials that are transmitted to the CNS

68
Q

___ activates rhodopsin, which activates a ___ protein, eventually leading to ___ of ___ ___

A

Trans-retinal; G; hydrolysis; cyclic GMP

69
Q

T or F: vertebrate skeletal muscle moves bones in the body and is characterized by a hierarchy of smaller and smaller units

70
Q

___ fibers contract more slowly but sustain longer contractions, which fibers are oxidative

A

Slow twitch

71
Q

Detection of stimuli by sensory receptors

A

Sensory reception

72
Q

Conversion of stimulus energy into a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor

A

Transduction

73
Q

Action potentials that are transmitted to the CNS

A

Transmission

74
Q

Begins as soon as information is received

A

Integration

75
Q

Sense physical deformation such as pressure, stretch, motion, and sound

A

Mechanoreceptors

76
Q

Transmit information about the total solute concentration of a solution

A

Chemoreceptors

77
Q

Detect electromagnetic energy such as light, electricity, and magnetism

A

Electromagnetic receptors

78
Q

Help regulate body temperature by signaling both surface and body core temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

79
Q

Detect stimuli that reflect harmful conditions

A

Pain receptors

80
Q

Eyes of all vertebrates have a ___ lens

81
Q

At least what percentage of the cerebral cortex is active in creating visual perceptions?

82
Q

Perception of color is based on what 3 pigments? What are the pigments called?

A

Red, green, blue

Photopsins

83
Q

Formed when retinal binds to 3 distinct opsin proteins

A

Photopsins

84
Q

Dependent on the detection of chemicals called tastants

A

Gustation (taste)

85
Q

Dependent on the detection of odorant molecules

A

Olfaction (smell)

86
Q

Single cell bundle of long fibers, running parallel to the length of the muscle

A

Skeletal muscle

87
Q

Fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment. Most cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelids

A

Hydrostatic skeleton

88
Q

Hard encase meant deposited on the surface of an animal. In most mollusks and arthropods

A

Exoskeleton

89
Q

Hard internal skeleton, buried in soft tissue. Ranges from sponges to mammals

A

Endoskeleton

90
Q

T or F: all stimuli represent forms of energy

91
Q

___ ___ interact directly with stimuli, both inside and outside the body

A

Sensory receptors

92
Q

The conversion of stimulus energy into a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor

A

Sensory transduction

93
Q

How many motor neurons are in a motor unit?

94
Q

When can processing of sensory information occur?

A

Before, during, and after transmission of action potentials to the CNS

95
Q

Give an example of mechanoreceptor

A

Knee jerk response

96
Q

Give example of chemoreceptor

A

Antennae of male silkworm moths have very sensitive chemoreceptors

97
Q

Give example of electromagnetic receptor

A

Many animals migrate using Earth’s magnetic field to orient themselves

98
Q

Give example of thermoreceptor

A

Mammals have variety of thermoreceptors which are specific to a particular temperature range

99
Q

Give example of pain receptor/ nociceptor

A

Jerking hand away from hot stove

100
Q

What are the 4 basic functions of sensory pathways?

A

Sensory Reception
Transduction
Transmission
Integration

Bio152 (12 decks)

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