Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio152 > Ch. 28-31 > Flashcards

Ch. 28-31 Flashcards

1
Q

What has caused the classification of protists to change?

A

Advances in eukaryotic systematics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Contain chloroplasts

A

Photoautotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles

A

Heterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

A

Mixotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does much of protist diversity originate from?

A

Endosymbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of the other organism (the host)

A

Endosymbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where did mitochondria and plastids derive from?

A

From prokaryotes that were engulfed by the ancestors of early eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T or F: plastids of red and green algae have two membranes

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transport proteins in the membranes of red and green algae are ___ to those found in cyanobacteria

A

Homologous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens in secondary endosymbiosis?

A

Red and green algae are ingested by a heterotrophic eukaryote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the clade Excavata characterized by?

A

Its cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Parabasalids have reduced mitochondria called ___ that generate some energy anaerobically

A

Hydrogenosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the pathogen that causes yeast infections?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites

A

Euglenozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the main distinguishing feature of the clade Euglenozoa?

A

A spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What clade includes the kinetoplastids and the euglenids?

A

Euglenozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What causes sleeping sickness in humans?

A

Kinetoplastids in the genus Trypanosoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which clade is a diverse monophyletic supergroup named for the first letters of its three major clades?

A

The SAR clade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which clade includes some of the most important photosynthetic organisms on earth?

A

The Stramenopiles clade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some things the Stramenopiles clade contains?

A

Diatoms, golden algae, brown algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

About how long ago did small plants, fungi, and animals emerge on land?

A

Around 500 million years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Have terrestrial ancestors

A

Land plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Land plants do not include photosynthetic protists like ___

A

Algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Plants supply ___ and ___ for land animals

A

Oxygen and food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the closest relatives of land plants?

A

Green algae called charophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the three traits that land plants share only with charophytes?

A
  1. Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
  2. Structure of flagellated sperm
  3. Formation of a phragmoplast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Are land plants descended from modern charophytes?

A

No, but they do share a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the layer of durable polymer in charophytes called?

A

Sporopollenin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the role of Sporopollenin?

A

It prevents exposed zygotes from dying out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What were two challenges faced by charophytes ancestors when they moved to land?

A
  1. Scarcity of water

2. Lack of structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

List the five key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are not present in charophytes

A
  1. Alternation of generations
  2. Multicellular, dependent embryos
  3. Walled spores produced in sporangia
  4. Multicellular gametangia
  5. Apical meristems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the name of the reproductive cycle where plants alternate between two multicellular stages?

A

Alternation of generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

This is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis

A

Gametophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Fusion of the gametes make what?

A

The diploid sporophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the diploid sporophyte produce?

A

Haploid spores

36
Q

How does the diploid sporophyte produce haploid spores?

A

Through meiosis

37
Q

How are nutrients transferred from parent to embryo?

A

Through placental transfer cells

38
Q

Why are land plants called embryophytes?

A

Because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent

39
Q

The sporophyte produces spores in organs-what are they called?

A

Sporangia

40
Q

How do diploid cells called sporocytes generate haploid spores?

A

They undergo meiosis

41
Q

What do spore walls contain that make them resistant to harsh environments?

A

Sporopollenin

42
Q

About how long ago did seed plants originate?

A

360 million years ago

43
Q

What does a seed consist of?

A

An embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

44
Q

What is one way seeds can disperse?

A

Wind

45
Q

What are four things common to all seed plants?

A
  1. Gametophytes
  2. Heterospory
  3. Ovules
  4. Pollen
46
Q

Where do gametophytes of seed plants develop?

A

Within the walls of spores that are retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte

47
Q

What is the difference between the ancestors of seed plants and seed plants?

A

The ancestors of seed plants were homosporous. Seed plants are heterosporous

48
Q

What do microsporangia produce?

A

Microspores

49
Q

What do microspores give rise to?

A

Male gametophytes

50
Q

What are three things an ovule consists of?

A
  1. Megasporangium
  2. Megaspore
  3. One or more protective integuments
51
Q

How many integuments do gymnosperm megasporangia have?

A

One

52
Q

How many integuments do angiosperm usually have?

A

Two

53
Q

What do microspores develop into?

A

Pollen grains

54
Q

What do pollen grains contain?

A

The male gametophytes

55
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

56
Q

What does pollen eliminate?

A

The need for a film of water

57
Q

What happens if a pollen grain germinates?

A

It gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule

58
Q

What does gymnosperm mean?

A

Naked seed

59
Q

Most gymnosperms are cone-bearing plants called ___

A

Conifers

60
Q

List the three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle

A
  1. Miniaturization of their gametophytes
  2. Development of seeds from fertilized ovules
  3. Transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen
61
Q

About how long does it take to get from cone production to mature seed?

A

Nearly 3 years

62
Q

Why are fungi essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems?

A

Because they break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients

63
Q

True or false: fungi are heterotrophs

A

True

64
Q

How do fungi break down complex molecules into smaller organic compounds?

A

They use enzymes

65
Q

List three lifestyles that fungi exhibit

A
  1. Decomposers
  2. Parasites
  3. Mutualists
66
Q

What are the most common body structures of fungi?

A

Multicellular filaments; single cells (yeast)

67
Q

What are mycelia?

A

Networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

68
Q

What do fungal cell walls contain?

A

Chitin

69
Q

What type of fungi lack septa and have a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei?

A

Coenocytic fungi

70
Q

What is the specialized hyphae that some unique fungi have that allows them to penetrate the tissues of their host?

A

Haustoria

71
Q

What are mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots called?

A

Mycorrhizae

72
Q

What type of fungi form sheaths of hyphae over a root and grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex?

A

Ectomycorrhizal fungi

73
Q

What type of fungi extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane?

A

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

74
Q

Are fungal nuclei normally haploid or diploid? Is there an exception?

A

Haploid. Exception: transient diploid stages formed during sexual life cycles

75
Q

How do fungi communicate their mating type?

A

They use sexual signaling molecules called pheromones

76
Q

The Union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia

A

Plasmogamy

77
Q

T or F: fungi and animals are more closely related to each other than they are to plants and other eukaryotes

A

True

78
Q

What makes up the opisthokonts clade?

A

Fungi, animals, and their protistan relatives

79
Q

T or F: fungi were among the earliest colonizers of land

A

True

80
Q

Where are chytrids found?

A

In terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats (including hydrothermal vents)

81
Q

What are zoospores?

A

Flagellated spores that chytrids have. They make chytrids unique among fungi.

82
Q

A diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites

A

Euglenozoa

83
Q

Unicellular algae with a unique two-part glass-like wall of silicon dioxide

A

Diatoms

84
Q

About how many species of fungi?

A

1.5 million

85
Q

What is a protist?

A

The informal name of the group of (mostly) unicellular eukaryotes

Bio152 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions