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Bio152 > Ch. 28-31 > Flashcards

Ch. 28-31 Flashcards

1
Q

What has caused the classification of protists to change?

A

Advances in eukaryotic systematics

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2
Q

Contain chloroplasts

A

Photoautotrophs

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3
Q

Absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles

A

Heterotrophs

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4
Q

Combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

A

Mixotrophs

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5
Q

What does much of protist diversity originate from?

A

Endosymbiosis

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6
Q

A relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of the other organism (the host)

A

Endosymbiosis

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7
Q

Where did mitochondria and plastids derive from?

A

From prokaryotes that were engulfed by the ancestors of early eukaryotic cells

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8
Q

T or F: plastids of red and green algae have two membranes

A

True

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9
Q

Transport proteins in the membranes of red and green algae are ___ to those found in cyanobacteria

A

Homologous

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10
Q

What happens in secondary endosymbiosis?

A

Red and green algae are ingested by a heterotrophic eukaryote

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11
Q

What is the clade Excavata characterized by?

A

Its cytoskeleton

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12
Q

Parabasalids have reduced mitochondria called ___ that generate some energy anaerobically

A

Hydrogenosomes

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13
Q

What is the pathogen that causes yeast infections?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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14
Q

A diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites

A

Euglenozoa

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15
Q

What is the main distinguishing feature of the clade Euglenozoa?

A

A spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella

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16
Q

What clade includes the kinetoplastids and the euglenids?

A

Euglenozoa

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17
Q

What causes sleeping sickness in humans?

A

Kinetoplastids in the genus Trypanosoma

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18
Q

Which clade is a diverse monophyletic supergroup named for the first letters of its three major clades?

A

The SAR clade

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19
Q

Which clade includes some of the most important photosynthetic organisms on earth?

A

The Stramenopiles clade

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20
Q

What are some things the Stramenopiles clade contains?

A

Diatoms, golden algae, brown algae

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21
Q

About how long ago did small plants, fungi, and animals emerge on land?

A

Around 500 million years ago

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22
Q

Have terrestrial ancestors

A

Land plants

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23
Q

Land plants do not include photosynthetic protists like ___

A

Algae

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24
Q

Plants supply ___ and ___ for land animals

A

Oxygen and food

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25
What are the closest relatives of land plants?
Green algae called charophytes
26
What are the three traits that land plants share only with charophytes?
1. Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins 2. Structure of flagellated sperm 3. Formation of a phragmoplast
27
Are land plants descended from modern charophytes?
No, but they do share a common ancestor
28
What is the layer of durable polymer in charophytes called?
Sporopollenin
29
What is the role of Sporopollenin?
It prevents exposed zygotes from dying out
30
What were two challenges faced by charophytes ancestors when they moved to land?
1. Scarcity of water | 2. Lack of structural support
31
List the five key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are not present in charophytes
1. Alternation of generations 2. Multicellular, dependent embryos 3. Walled spores produced in sporangia 4. Multicellular gametangia 5. Apical meristems
32
What is the name of the reproductive cycle where plants alternate between two multicellular stages?
Alternation of generations
33
This is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis
Gametophyte
34
Fusion of the gametes make what?
The diploid sporophyte
35
What does the diploid sporophyte produce?
Haploid spores
36
How does the diploid sporophyte produce haploid spores?
Through meiosis
37
How are nutrients transferred from parent to embryo?
Through placental transfer cells
38
Why are land plants called embryophytes?
Because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent
39
The sporophyte produces spores in organs-what are they called?
Sporangia
40
How do diploid cells called sporocytes generate haploid spores?
They undergo meiosis
41
What do spore walls contain that make them resistant to harsh environments?
Sporopollenin
42
About how long ago did seed plants originate?
360 million years ago
43
What does a seed consist of?
An embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
44
What is one way seeds can disperse?
Wind
45
What are four things common to all seed plants?
1. Gametophytes 2. Heterospory 3. Ovules 4. Pollen
46
Where do gametophytes of seed plants develop?
Within the walls of spores that are retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte
47
What is the difference between the ancestors of seed plants and seed plants?
The ancestors of seed plants were homosporous. Seed plants are heterosporous
48
What do microsporangia produce?
Microspores
49
What do microspores give rise to?
Male gametophytes
50
What are three things an ovule consists of?
1. Megasporangium 2. Megaspore 3. One or more protective integuments
51
How many integuments do gymnosperm megasporangia have?
One
52
How many integuments do angiosperm usually have?
Two
53
What do microspores develop into?
Pollen grains
54
What do pollen grains contain?
The male gametophytes
55
What is pollination?
The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules
56
What does pollen eliminate?
The need for a film of water
57
What happens if a pollen grain germinates?
It gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule
58
What does gymnosperm mean?
Naked seed
59
Most gymnosperms are cone-bearing plants called ___
Conifers
60
List the three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle
1. Miniaturization of their gametophytes 2. Development of seeds from fertilized ovules 3. Transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen
61
About how long does it take to get from cone production to mature seed?
Nearly 3 years
62
Why are fungi essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems?
Because they break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients
63
True or false: fungi are heterotrophs
True
64
How do fungi break down complex molecules into smaller organic compounds?
They use enzymes
65
List three lifestyles that fungi exhibit
1. Decomposers 2. Parasites 3. Mutualists
66
What are the most common body structures of fungi?
Multicellular filaments; single cells (yeast)
67
What are mycelia?
Networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption
68
What do fungal cell walls contain?
Chitin
69
What type of fungi lack septa and have a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei?
Coenocytic fungi
70
What is the specialized hyphae that some unique fungi have that allows them to penetrate the tissues of their host?
Haustoria
71
What are mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots called?
Mycorrhizae
72
What type of fungi form sheaths of hyphae over a root and grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex?
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
73
What type of fungi extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane?
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
74
Are fungal nuclei normally haploid or diploid? Is there an exception?
Haploid. Exception: transient diploid stages formed during sexual life cycles
75
How do fungi communicate their mating type?
They use sexual signaling molecules called pheromones
76
The Union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia
Plasmogamy
77
T or F: fungi and animals are more closely related to each other than they are to plants and other eukaryotes
True
78
What makes up the opisthokonts clade?
Fungi, animals, and their protistan relatives
79
T or F: fungi were among the earliest colonizers of land
True
80
Where are chytrids found?
In terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats (including hydrothermal vents)
81
What are zoospores?
Flagellated spores that chytrids have. They make chytrids unique among fungi.
82
A diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites
Euglenozoa
83
Unicellular algae with a unique two-part glass-like wall of silicon dioxide
Diatoms
84
About how many species of fungi?
1.5 million
85
What is a protist?
The informal name of the group of (mostly) unicellular eukaryotes

Bio152 (12 decks)

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