Chapter 45

Question 1

What body system is in charge of chemical signaling by hormones?

Answer 1

Endocrine system

Question 2

What body system is a network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit signals along pathways?

Answer 2

Nervous system

Question 3

What 3 things determine how signals are transmitted between animal cells?

Answer 3

1) type of secreting cell
2) route taken by the signal in reaching its target
3) type of receptor involved

Question 4

Molecules that act over short distances, reaching target cells by diffusion

Answer 4

Local regulators

Question 5

Target cells lie near secreting cells

Answer 5

Paracrine signaling

Question 6

Target cell is also the secreting cell

Answer 6

Autocrine signaling

Question 7

Local regulators that mediate paracrine and autocrine signaling. They help with reproduction, the immune system, and blood clotting

Answer 7

Prostaglandins

Question 8

Chemicals that are released into the environment. They mark trails that lead to food, define territories, warn of predators, and attract mates

Answer 8

Pheromones

Question 9

How are water-soluble hormones secreted?

Answer 9

By exocytosis

Question 10

What are the 2 types of corticosteroids that humans produce?

Answer 10

1) glucocorticoids

2) mineralocorticoids

Question 11

What are the 2 criteria that determine the ways signals are transmitted between animal cells

Answer 11

1) type of secreting cell

2) route taken by the signal in reaching its target

Question 12

Molecules that act over short distances, reaching target cells solely by diffusion

Answer 12

Local regulators

Question 13

What processes do paracrine and autocrine signaling play big roles in?

Answer 13

Blood pressure regulation, nervous system function, reproduction

Question 14

At synapses, neurons secrete molecules that diffuse short distances and bind to receptors on target cells. What are these molecules called?

Answer 14

Neurotransmitters

Question 15

A gas that functions in the body as both a local regulators and a neurotransmitter

Answer 15

Nitric oxide (NO)

Question 16

Name the 3 classes of hormones (chemical classes)

Answer 16

Polypeptides
Steroids
Amines

Question 17

What is the difference between steroids and polypeptides?

Answer 17

Polypeptides are water-soluble; steroid hormones are lipid-soluble

Question 18

Give an example of a hormone that may have different effects on target cells

Answer 18

Epinephrine-can increase blood flow to major skeletal muscles, but decreases blood flow to the digestive tract

Question 19

___ reach all parts of the body, but only ___ cells have receptors for that hormone

Answer 19

Hormones

Target

Question 20

Chemical signaling by hormones is the function of which system?

Answer 20

Endocrine

Question 21

Which type of feedback results in reinforcing a stimulus to produce an even greater response?

Answer 21

Positive feedback

Question 22

___ do not have have ducts; ___ glands do have ducts

Answer 22

Endocrine

Exocrine

Question 23

What is the function of melatonin? Which gland secretes it?

Answer 23

Melatonin regulates sleep; the pineal gland secretes melatonin

Question 24

Stops a gland from secreting a hormone

Answer 24

Negative feedback

Question 25

Increases stimuli, which causes more hormones to be secreted

Answer 25

Positive feedback

Question 26

What does the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulate?

Answer 26

Physiology and behavior

Question 27

When the thyroid gland produces too small of an amount of TSH, which causes weight gain and cold intolerance

Answer 27

Hypothyroidism

Question 28

Which gland secretes growth hormone (GH)?

Answer 28

Anterior pituitary

Question 29

Composed of posterior and anterior pituitary

Answer 29

Pituitary gland

Question 30

In neuroendocrine signaling,specialized ___ cells secrete molecules called neurotransmitters that travel to target cells via the bloodstream

Answer 30

Neurohormones

Question 31

Endocrine cells are often grouped in ductless organs called __ glands such as the thyroid and parathyroid glands, testes, and ovaries

Answer 31

Endocrine glands

Question 32

Binding of a hormone to its receptor initiates a ____ ____ ____ leading to responses in the cytoskeleton, enzyme activation, or a change in gene expression

Answer 32

Signal transduction pathway

Question 33

Insulin and glucagon are secreted by the ___

Answer 33

Pancreas

Question 34

Secretes a neurohormone which enters the bloodstream and travels to target cells

Answer 34

Neurosecretory cell

Question 35

Inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus, thud preventing excessive pathway activity

Answer 35

Negative feedback loop

Question 36

Stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus

Answer 36

Posterior pituitary

Question 37

Makes and releases hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus

Answer 37

Anterior pituitary

Question 38

Type of hormone that flows freely in the bloodstream and binds to cell surface receptors

Answer 38

Hydrophilic hormone

Question 39

Type of hormone that diffuses across the cell membrane and travels to the bloodstream bound to transport proteins

Answer 39

Hydrophobic hormone

Question 40

Regulates anterior pituitary; receives information from nervous system; initiates response through endocrine system.

Answer 40

Hypothalamus

Question 41

Releases PTH to regular season blood calcium level

Answer 41

Parathyroid

Question 42

Which responds faster, hormones or neurons?

Answer 42

Neurons

Question 43

How do synapses send signals?

Answer 43

Neurotransmitters from one neuron are secreted and bind to target cells on another neuron

Question 44

Name some endocrine glands

Answer 44

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes

Question 45

T or F: males and females both produce estrogen

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body

Answer 46

Animal hormones

Question 47

Diffuse short distances and bind to receptors on target cells. Also give an example

Answer 47

Neurotransmitters. Example = nitric oxide

Question 48

Travel to target cells via the bloodstream

Answer 48

Neurohormones

Question 49

The hormone ___ has effects in mediating the body's response to short-term stress

Answer 49

Epinephrine

Question 50

Nerves from the hypothalamus trigger the release of ___ from the posterior pituitary

Answer 50

Oxytocin (cuddle hormone; causes mammary glands to secrete milk)

Question 51

What two glands does the adrenal gland consist of?

Answer 51

``` Adrenal medulla (inner portion) Adrenal cortex (outer portion) ```

Question 52

When cutting your finger, you feel a sharp pain due to ___

Answer 52

Prostaglandins

Question 53

Name some types of local regulators

Answer 53

Cytokines, growth factors, polypeptides, gases

Question 54

What is the role of the thyroid and parathyroid hormones?

Answer 54

Regulates the level of blood calcium to stabilization

Question 55

What are the 3 types of sex hormones?

Answer 55

Androgens, estrogens, and progestins

Question 56

Give examples of lipid solvable hormones

Answer 56

Thyroxine, vitamin D, steroids

Question 57

Give examples of water soluble hormones

Answer 57

Epinephrine, insulin

Question 58

T or F: neurotransmitters are secreted for short distances to bind target cells

Answer 58

True

Question 59

Change the salt and water balance

Answer 59

Mineralocorticoids

Question 60

Polypeptides and amines are ___ whereas steroid hormones and other largely nonpolar hormones are ___

Answer 60

Water-soluble; lipid-soluble

Question 61

What happens when thyroid hormone level drops in the blood?

Answer 61

Hypothalamus secreted TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) causing the anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)