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Bio152 > Chapter 45 > Flashcards

Chapter 45 Flashcards

1
Q

What body system is in charge of chemical signaling by hormones?

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

What body system is a network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit signals along pathways?

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

What 3 things determine how signals are transmitted between animal cells?

A

1) type of secreting cell
2) route taken by the signal in reaching its target
3) type of receptor involved

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4
Q

Molecules that act over short distances, reaching target cells by diffusion

A

Local regulators

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5
Q

Target cells lie near secreting cells

A

Paracrine signaling

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6
Q

Target cell is also the secreting cell

A

Autocrine signaling

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7
Q

Local regulators that mediate paracrine and autocrine signaling. They help with reproduction, the immune system, and blood clotting

A

Prostaglandins

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8
Q

Chemicals that are released into the environment. They mark trails that lead to food, define territories, warn of predators, and attract mates

A

Pheromones

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9
Q

How are water-soluble hormones secreted?

A

By exocytosis

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of corticosteroids that humans produce?

A

1) glucocorticoids

2) mineralocorticoids

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11
Q

What are the 2 criteria that determine the ways signals are transmitted between animal cells

A

1) type of secreting cell

2) route taken by the signal in reaching its target

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12
Q

Molecules that act over short distances, reaching target cells solely by diffusion

A

Local regulators

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13
Q

What processes do paracrine and autocrine signaling play big roles in?

A

Blood pressure regulation, nervous system function, reproduction

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14
Q

At synapses, neurons secrete molecules that diffuse short distances and bind to receptors on target cells. What are these molecules called?

A

Neurotransmitters

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15
Q

A gas that functions in the body as both a local regulators and a neurotransmitter

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

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16
Q

Name the 3 classes of hormones (chemical classes)

A

Polypeptides
Steroids
Amines

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17
Q

What is the difference between steroids and polypeptides?

A

Polypeptides are water-soluble; steroid hormones are lipid-soluble

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18
Q

Give an example of a hormone that may have different effects on target cells

A

Epinephrine-can increase blood flow to major skeletal muscles, but decreases blood flow to the digestive tract

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19
Q

___ reach all parts of the body, but only ___ cells have receptors for that hormone

A

Hormones

Target

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20
Q

Chemical signaling by hormones is the function of which system?

A

Endocrine

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21
Q

Which type of feedback results in reinforcing a stimulus to produce an even greater response?

A

Positive feedback

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22
Q

___ do not have have ducts; ___ glands do have ducts

A

Endocrine

Exocrine

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23
Q

What is the function of melatonin? Which gland secretes it?

A

Melatonin regulates sleep; the pineal gland secretes melatonin

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24
Q

Stops a gland from secreting a hormone

A

Negative feedback

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25
Q

Increases stimuli, which causes more hormones to be secreted

A

Positive feedback

26
Q

What does the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulate?

A

Physiology and behavior

27
Q

When the thyroid gland produces too small of an amount of TSH, which causes weight gain and cold intolerance

A

Hypothyroidism

28
Q

Which gland secretes growth hormone (GH)?

A

Anterior pituitary

29
Q

Composed of posterior and anterior pituitary

A

Pituitary gland

30
Q

In neuroendocrine signaling,specialized ___ cells secrete molecules called neurotransmitters that travel to target cells via the bloodstream

A

Neurohormones

31
Q

Endocrine cells are often grouped in ductless organs called __ glands such as the thyroid and parathyroid glands, testes, and ovaries

A

Endocrine glands

32
Q

Binding of a hormone to its receptor initiates a ____ ____ ____ leading to responses in the cytoskeleton, enzyme activation, or a change in gene expression

A

Signal transduction pathway

33
Q

Insulin and glucagon are secreted by the ___

A

Pancreas

34
Q

Secretes a neurohormone which enters the bloodstream and travels to target cells

A

Neurosecretory cell

35
Q

Inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus, thud preventing excessive pathway activity

A

Negative feedback loop

36
Q

Stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary

37
Q

Makes and releases hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus

A

Anterior pituitary

38
Q

Type of hormone that flows freely in the bloodstream and binds to cell surface receptors

A

Hydrophilic hormone

39
Q

Type of hormone that diffuses across the cell membrane and travels to the bloodstream bound to transport proteins

A

Hydrophobic hormone

40
Q

Regulates anterior pituitary; receives information from nervous system; initiates response through endocrine system.

A

Hypothalamus

41
Q

Releases PTH to regular season blood calcium level

A

Parathyroid

42
Q

Which responds faster, hormones or neurons?

A

Neurons

43
Q

How do synapses send signals?

A

Neurotransmitters from one neuron are secreted and bind to target cells on another neuron

44
Q

Name some endocrine glands

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes

45
Q

T or F: males and females both produce estrogen

A

True

46
Q

Chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body

A

Animal hormones

47
Q

Diffuse short distances and bind to receptors on target cells. Also give an example

A

Neurotransmitters. Example = nitric oxide

48
Q

Travel to target cells via the bloodstream

A

Neurohormones

49
Q

The hormone ___ has effects in mediating the body’s response to short-term stress

A

Epinephrine

50
Q

Nerves from the hypothalamus trigger the release of ___ from the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin (cuddle hormone; causes mammary glands to secrete milk)

51
Q

What two glands does the adrenal gland consist of?

A 
Adrenal medulla (inner portion)
Adrenal cortex (outer portion)
52
Q

When cutting your finger, you feel a sharp pain due to ___

A

Prostaglandins

53
Q

Name some types of local regulators

A

Cytokines, growth factors, polypeptides, gases

54
Q

What is the role of the thyroid and parathyroid hormones?

A

Regulates the level of blood calcium to stabilization

55
Q

What are the 3 types of sex hormones?

A

Androgens, estrogens, and progestins

56
Q

Give examples of lipid solvable hormones

A

Thyroxine, vitamin D, steroids

57
Q

Give examples of water soluble hormones

A

Epinephrine, insulin

58
Q

T or F: neurotransmitters are secreted for short distances to bind target cells

A

True

59
Q

Change the salt and water balance

A

Mineralocorticoids

60
Q

Polypeptides and amines are ___ whereas steroid hormones and other largely nonpolar hormones are ___

A

Water-soluble; lipid-soluble

61
Q

What happens when thyroid hormone level drops in the blood?

A

Hypothalamus secreted TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) causing the anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Bio152 (12 decks)

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