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bio 112 > final exam review Q's > Flashcards

final exam review Q's Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which class of large biological molecules do the majority of enzymes belong to?

A

Proteins

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2
Q

Which is true of enzymes

  • they lower Ea
  • change the temp of a reaction
  • they turn a endergonic reaction into an exergonic one
A

they lower Ea

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3
Q

What type of pathway and what type of reaction (ex/endo) is photosynthesis

A

anabolic pathway and endergonic reaction

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4
Q

How do you determine if a reaction is spontaneous

A

if it is negative

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5
Q

A reaction has a G= -10 kcal/mol, if you double the amount of enzyme, what would G equal now?

A

-10

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6
Q

A competitive inhibitor decreases the rate of a reaction by

A

binding to the active site of an enzyme

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7
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics

A

energy can’t be created or destroyed

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8
Q

In a biological reaction, succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by malonic acid. Increasing the amount of succinate molecules to those of malonic acid reduces the inhibitory effect of malonic acid. Identify purpose of succinate and fumarate in the reaction.

A

succinate is the substrate

fumarate is the product

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9
Q

what stage of cellular respiration requires an input of ATP

A

gylcolysis

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10
Q

which stage of cellular respiration is responsible for making the most ATP

A

electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

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11
Q

CO2 is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration

A

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

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12
Q

the oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event

A

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

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13
Q

During cellular respiration, what is oxidized / reduced

A

C6H12O6 is oxidized

O2 is reduced

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14
Q

which stages of cellular respiration make ATP using substrate level phosphorylation

A

glycolysis and citric acid cycle

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15
Q

During cellular respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence

A

glucose
NADH
electron transport chain
oxygen

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16
Q

during cellular respiration, what directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the highest energy level

A

NADH

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17
Q

What is the effect of increased levels of hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria

A

increased ATP production

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18
Q

in a redox reaction, the molecule that loses electrons is

A

oxidized and reducing agent

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19
Q

when electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens? The more electronegative atom is

A

reduced and energy is released

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20
Q

during photosynthesis, CO2 is ____ and O2 is ___?

A

CO2– reduced

O2– oxidized

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21
Q

How can you tell what wavelength of light is the most effective in driving photosynthesis on a graph

A

the highest peak

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22
Q

Why is there multiple spectrums of light measured for photosynthesis

A

there are multiple pigments that can absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a

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23
Q

P680+ is said to be the strongest biological oxidizing agent. Given its functions, why is this necessary

A

it obtains electrons from the oxygen atom in the water molecule, so it must have a stronger attraction for electrons than what oxygen has

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24
Q

The final electron acceptor associated with photosystem 1 is

A

NADP

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25
Q

What happens to oxygen produced by the light reactions

A

it is released into the atmosphere

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26
Q

which of the following are light reaction products of photosynthesis that are utilized in the calvin cycle

A

ATP and NADPH

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27
Q

Why does chlorophyll look green to the human eye

A

chlorophyll reflects green light

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28
Q

What occurs in metaphase

A

aligning of chromosomes in the center of the cell

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29
Q

What occurs in anaphase

A

separation of sister chromatids

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30
Q

What occurs in prophase

A

formation of the mitotic spindle

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31
Q

What occurs in prometaphase

A

fragmentation of nuclear envelope

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32
Q

at what phase of the cell cycle is DNA duplicated

A

S

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33
Q

what cell cycle checkpoint is responsible for checking if all the DNA has been duplicated

A

G2

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34
Q

Neurons and some other specialized cells divide infrequently because they

A

Have entered into G0

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35
Q

Once a cell completes mitosis, molecular division triggers must be turned off. What happens to MPF during mitosis

A

the cyclin component of MPF is degraded

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36
Q

Is respiration an endothermic or exothermic reaction

A

exothermic

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37
Q

How do the addition of enzymes impact the change in free energy?

A

It doesn’t impact it

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38
Q

how does the addition of enzymes impact the activation energy

A

reduce the amount of energy need and speed up a reaction

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39
Q

How many turns of the calvin cycle does it take to make a G3P molecule

A

3

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40
Q

Which are a part of the alimentary canal

A

liver

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41
Q

what is peristalsis

A

alternative waves of contractions and relaxation of smooth muscles

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42
Q

what is an example of an essential mineral

A

Ca

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43
Q

what is the first stage of food processing

A

ingestion

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44
Q

how is saliva involved in digestion

A

contains amylase, which destroys microorganisms

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45
Q

what is the role of chief cell in the stomach

A

secrete pepsinogen, an inactive form of the protease, pepsin

46
Q

region of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

47
Q

region of the cell that ships and receives transport vesicles

A

golgi apparatus

48
Q

region of the cell that contains digestive enzymes that break down carbohydrates proteins, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids

A

lysosomes

49
Q

which of the following is not true about the endoplasmic reticulum

  • the rough er synthesizes phospholipids
  • the smooth er synthesizes proteins
  • the er is continuous with the nucleus and consists of a network of interconnected tubules
  • the smooth er stores calcium in the lumen
A

the smooth er synthesizes proteins

50
Q

which is not a part of the endomembrane

  • golgi apparatus
  • nucleus
  • lysosome
  • mitochondria
A

mitochondria

51
Q

which cellular organelle is involved in Tay-Sachs disease

A

lysosome

52
Q

Do chloroplasts/mitochondria have circular DNA

A

yes

53
Q

Some of the cells around the alimentary canal must be connected so they are impermeable in water. Which ocell to cell connection is required

A

tight junctions

54
Q

the nuclear lamina is composed of

A

intermediate filaments

55
Q

what is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell

A

er
golgi
plasma membrane

56
Q

which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability

A

only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane

57
Q

in a hypotonic solution, what are the water molecules doing

A

water move into the cell and cause it to burst

58
Q

phospholipids are ___

  • polar
  • amphipathic
  • hydrophobic
  • hydrophilic
A

amphipathic

59
Q

which of the following molecules could most easily pass through the cellular membrane via simple diffusion

A

O2

60
Q

which of the following would increase the electrochemical gradient across a membrane

A

a proton pump

61
Q

some regions of plasma membranes, called liquid rafts, have a higher concentration of cholesterol molecules. At lower temps, these regions

A

are more fluid than the surrounding membranes

62
Q

the fluid mosaic model of the membrane proposes that membranes

A

consist of protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

63
Q

the membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold by

A

increasing the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane

64
Q

what occurs in osmosis

A

water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration

65
Q

hypercholesterolemia is a genetically inherited condition that causes individuals to have high levels of LDL in their blood. The cholesterol molecules in LDL will spill out to clog a blood vessel. What type of transport mechanism in impaired in individuals?

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

66
Q

why are lipids and proteins free to move laterally in membranes

A

they are only weak hydrophobic interactions in the interior of the membrane

67
Q

a molecule moving down its concentration gradient is moving from an area of ____ to ____ concentration

A

high to low

68
Q

T/F in humans, there are 8 essential amino acids that the body is able to synthesize on its own

A

F; the 8 amino acids aren’t able to be synthesized on their own

69
Q

T/F a goiter is the result of undernutrition

A

F; result of malnutrition and not getting enough iodine

70
Q

T/F all cells have organelles

A

F; they don’t all have membrane bound organelles

71
Q

T/F all cells have chromosomes

A

T; they are the genetic information of the cell

72
Q

T/F all cells have ribosomes

A

T; all cells must have a site for protein synthesis

73
Q

what is the purpose of having membrane bound organelles

A

every organelle has a different purpose, for the cell to properly function in their own unique environment

74
Q

How would chloroplasts not be able to properly function without membrane compartmentalization

A

the chloroplasts need their own special environment to be able to function. They have membranes to separate themselves from the cytoplasm and other structures in the cells to enable themselves to convert solar to chemical energy

75
Q

What type of transport does the potassium channel use

A

facilitated diffusion bc it is going from H->L conc through a channel protein, not requiring energy

76
Q

What type of transport does the sodium potassium pump use

A

sodium potassium pump is active transport that energy because its taking both Na+ and K+ from a L->H conc, requiring energy

77
Q

What type of transport does the sodium channel use

A

facilitated diffusion bc it goes from a H->L conc through a channel protein, without energy

78
Q

what results from equal sharing of electrons between atoms

A

a nonpolar covalent bond

79
Q

water is able to create hydrogen bonds with other water molecules due to the partial negative and partial positive charges it possesses. What causes these partial charges

A

oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, meaning the electrons are being pulled towards oxygen

80
Q

Which element will a hydroxyl group not hydrogen bond with?

  • N
  • C
  • O
  • F
A

C

81
Q

Which of the following solutions would require the addition of the greatest amount of acid to bring the solution to neutral pH?

  • gastric juice at pH
  • vinegar at pH
  • household bleach at pH 12
  • black coffee at pH 5
A

household bleach at pH 12

82
Q

definition of a solute?

A

A substance dissolved in another substance

83
Q

Which of the following occurs in the transition from liquid water to ice?

A

Water molecules have more distance between them.

84
Q

What is the maximum number of hydrogen bonds a single water molecule can form?

A

4

85
Q

A container of water of unknown volume is presented to a scientist, who has a thermometer. What can the scientist NOT find?

A

heat of the water

86
Q

When the pH of a solution drops ____.

A

there is a increase in H+ concentration and the solution becomes more acidic

87
Q

The cities of Portland, Oregon, and Minneapolis, Minnesota, are at about the same latitude, but Minneapolis has much hotter summers and much colder winters than Portland. Why?

A

The ocean near Portland moderates the temperature.

88
Q

A covalent chemical bond is one in which ____.

A

outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill their respective orbitals

89
Q

What is it called when the pH of blood increases and how will the body react to fix this?

A

Alkalosis: H2CO3 dissociates

90
Q

Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are _____.

A

nonpolar substances that repel water molecules

91
Q

Which of the following statements is true about buffer solutions?

  • They maintain a constant pH when bases are added to them but not when acids are added to them.
  • They maintain a relatively constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them.
  • They maintain a constant pH when acids are added to them but not when bases are added to them.
  • They fluctuate in pH when either acids or bases are added to them.
A

They maintain a relatively constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them.

92
Q

Which of the following is NOT a property of water?

  • Contraction upon freezing
  • Cohesive behavior
  • Versatility of a solvent
  • Ability to moderate temperature
A

Contraction upon freezing

93
Q

Which of the following is true of carbon?

  • It is highly electronegative.
  • It forms only polar molecules.
  • It can form a maximum of three covalent bonds with other elements
  • It can form both polar and nonpolar bonds.
A

It can form both polar and nonpolar bonds.

94
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes enantiomers?

  • They have variations in arrangement around a double bond
  • They have an asymmetric carbon that makes them mirror images.
  • They have the same chemical properties.
  • They have different molecular formulas.
A

They have an asymmetric carbon that makes them mirror images.

95
Q

What is NOT a possible characteristic of isomers?

  • They can have a different number of atoms
  • They have the same molecular formulas
  • They can have a different arrangement of bonding of atoms.
  • They can be mirror images
A

They can have a different number of atoms

96
Q 
Which of the following is a hydrocarbon?
-H2O
-C6H12O6
-C4H10
All are hydrocarbons.
A

C4H10

97
Q

hat is valence?

A

The number of unpaired electrons required to complete an atom’s outermost shell

98
Q

What is the valence of nitrogen?

A

3

99
Q

A disulfide bond is formed between two molecules in a cell. What is the name of the functional group that is likely on both of these molecules that allows for this bond to form?

A

Sulfhydryl

100
Q

The formation of a macromolecule, what type of reactionwould join two subunits together?

A

dehydration reaction

101
Q

Which of the biological molecules does NOT include polymers?

A

lipids

102
Q

Fats contain ____.

A

Three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule

103
Q

What type of bond joins two nucleotides together?

A

Phosphodiester bond

104
Q

Which nucleotide would you not find in RNA?

A

Thymine

105
Q

What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids?

A

the components of the R-group

106
Q

Tertiary structure can beheld together by ____.

A

ionic bonds that form between the atoms found in the side chains (R-groups) of the polypeptide

107
Q

Nucleic acids are made up of these monomers?

A

Nucleotide

108
Q

Why might someone argue that silicon based life is possible?

A

Carbon and silicon both have a valence of 4 and are capable of bonding with CHON the major components of organic molecules

109
Q

Describe two different problems with silicon based life.

A
  • It is a solid which would be difficult to dispose of silica waste from the organism.
  • Silicon is oxidized in one step, releasing a large
  • Silicon isomers are rare
110
Q

Would you expect lactic acid to dissolve in water?

A

Yes, hydroxyl group and carboxyl group are polar and will form hydrogen bonds with water.

111
Q

Is this triglyceride saturated or unsaturated? How do you know?

A

Unsaturated, double bonds present

112
Q

Are the fatty acids in a cis or trans conformation? How do you know?

A

Cis-H on the same side of the double bond

bio 112 (14 decks)

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