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bio 112 > chapter 8 > Flashcards

chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

catabolic process

A

energy yielded

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2
Q

anabolic process

A

energy used for cellular work

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3
Q

what is required to synthesize ATP

A

ADP and phosphate

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4
Q

what is ATP used for

A

most cellular work that requires energy

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5
Q

what is chemical potential energy stored in

A

ATP

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6
Q

what do enzymes do?

A

speed up a metabolic reaction by lowering the energy barrier

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7
Q

how are enzymes and catalysts similar

A

an enzyme acts as a catalyst, as it speeds up a reaction without being consumed within it

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8
Q

How can the activation energy be found on an energy graph

A

From the height of the reactants to the top of the highest point curve

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9
Q

What do enzymes not change on an energy graph?

A

delta G

changing an endogonic to an endergonic reaction

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10
Q

what indicates spontaneity

A
  • delta G
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11
Q

why is it inappropriate to speed up these reactions by applying heat

A

heat denatures the protein and kills cells and speeds up reactions

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12
Q

substrate

A

reactants that enzymes react on

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13
Q

why are enzymes able to recognize molecular differences

A

enzymes have specific shapes that dictate their unique functions

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14
Q

active site

A

where an enzyme binds to its substrate

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15
Q

what do R-groups of amino acids interact with on substrates

A

chemical groups on the active active site of the substrate

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16
Q

induced fit

A

enzyme changing shapes slightly to the active site fits more snug on the substrate

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17
Q

induced fit increases what ability of an enzyme

A

catalytic

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18
Q

how efficient an enzyme is depends on :

A

temp
pH
specific chemicals

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19
Q

what is the optimal pH for each enzyme

A

most in between 6-8 pH

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20
Q

what is the optimal temperature for each enzyme

A

human enzyme– 35-40 C

thermophilic enzyme – 70-80 C

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21
Q

why do reaction rates drop quickly at temps greater than the optimal temperaure

A

higher temps will disrupt the hydrogen, ionic, and hydrophobic interactions that stabilize the active state

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22
Q

how can you determine which direction a reaction is going

A

positive or negative delta G

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23
Q

how does the active site environment impact a reaction

A

favorable micro-environment (can be more acidic than a neutral cell)

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24
Q

cofactors

A

some enzymes require a non-protein molecules to aid catalytic activity (binds either loosely or tightly)

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25
Q

what are two types of cofactors

A

organic molecules

inorganic molecules

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26
Q

what are examples of inorganic ions

A

magnesium
zinc
iron
copper

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27
Q

what are examples of organic molecules

A

(aka co-enzyme)
most vitamins
NAD+

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28
Q

irreversible inhibitions

A

when inhibitors bind covalently to the enzyme and block activity

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29
Q

reversible inhibition

A

when inhibitors bind to enzyme via weak interaction and block activity

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30
Q

what are the two types of reversible inhibition

A

competitive inhibitors

noncompetitive inhibitors

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31
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

block substrates from binding to the active site

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32
Q

noncompetitive inhibitors

A

impede enzyme activity by binding to another part of the enzyme. changes shape so active site is less catalytic

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33
Q

inhibition prevents what from happening

A

prevents the cell from wasting chemical resources by making more isoleucine than necessary. turns pathway off until isoleucine is needed

34
Q

what bonds to the allosteric site in inhibition

A

isoleucine

35
Q

what is the end product of inhibition

A

isoleucine

36
Q

metabolism

A

totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

37
Q

each step of a metabolic pathway is controlled by ____ to convert a specific molecule into a product

A

enzyme

38
Q

what are the 2 types of metabolic pathways

A

catabolic

anabolic

39
Q

catabolic pathway

A

breaks down sugars into simpler ones, releasing energy

40
Q

anabolic pathway

A

builds up complex sugars that require energy

41
Q

hydrolysis is an example of what type of metabolic pathway?

A

catabolic

42
Q

proteins to AA is an example of what type of metabolic pathway?

A

catabolic

43
Q

AA to proteins is an example of what type of metabolic pathway?

A

anabolic

44
Q

dehydration reaction is an example of what type of metabolic pathway?

A

anabolic

45
Q

where do anabolic pathways get their energy from

A

catabolic pathways

46
Q

bioenergetics

A

the study of how organisms transform energy

47
Q

define energy

A

capacity to cause change

48
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work

49
Q

heat is an example of what type of energy

A

kinetic energy because it is the random motion of atoms

50
Q

potential energy

A

energy that is the capacity of the matter to change as a consequence of its location or arrangement

51
Q

chemical energy is what time of energy

A

potential energy because it has the possibility to release in a chemical reaction

52
Q

thermodynamics

A

the study of energy transformation

53
Q

what is the 1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy can be transformed but can not be created or destroyed

54
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics

A

every energy transformation increases the disorder (entropy) of the universe

55
Q

free energy change

A

a living system’s free energy is the energy that can do work under cellular conditions (what we use to power our cells)

56
Q

what does each symbol represent

dG = dH -TdS

A

dG - free energy change
dH - change in enthalpy (total energy)
T - temp (K)
dS - change in entropy (measure of unavailable energy)

57
Q

what type of processes have a negative delta G

A

spontaneous processes

58
Q

what is the measure of a system’s instability

A

free energy

59
Q

What is more stable? high or low free energy

A

less free energy

60
Q

what has greater work capacity

A

higher free energy

61
Q

do exergonic reactions release or require energy

A

release

62
Q

On a graph, if the products end higher than the reactants, is it displaying a exergonic or endergonic reaction

A

endergonic

63
Q

is ATP spontaneous

A

yes

64
Q

do endergonic reactions release or require energy

A

require

65
Q

is ATP hydrolysis endergonic or exergonic

A

exergonic

66
Q

when can’t a system do work?

A

once the reaction reached equilibrium

67
Q

if a system was completely isolated what would occur

A

metabolic reactions would stop and cells would die

68
Q

why do metabolic reactions never reach equilibrium

A

the reactants and products are always moving in and out of cells

69
Q

what occurs to glucose in cellular respiration

A

glucose is broken down in a series exergonic reactions that power the work of a cell

70
Q

what occurs with the product of cellular respiration when it is complete

A

they are used as the reactants for the next reaction

71
Q

what powers cellular work by changing exergonic reactions into endergonic ones

A

ATP

72
Q

ATP is used as energy for what types of work

A

mechanical work
transport work
chemical work

73
Q

active transport is an example of what type of work

A

transport

74
Q

muscle contraction is an example of what type of work

A

mechanical

75
Q

synthesis of AA to proteins is an example of what type of work

A

chemical

76
Q

what type of reaction uses water to break down a molecule

A

hydrolysis

77
Q

why do phosphate groups release so much energy

A

the negative oxygen on the phosphate groups make them very unstable

78
Q

what is the product of hydrolysis

A

breaks the molecule apart, creating ENERGY

79
Q

what occurs when hydrolyzed ATP is used to transfer a phosphate group to another molecule

A

produces a phosphorylated molecule that is more reactive and less stable

80
Q

what is the direct effect of transport work

A

hydrolysis of ATP phosphorlates the membrane protein, changing its shape to bind with another molecule

81
Q

whats the indirect effect of mechanical work

A

ATP binds to motor protein, changing its shape to interact with the cytoskeleton

bio 112 (14 decks)

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