chapter 5 Flashcards
monomer
smaller molecules that are the building blocks of polymers
what are the macromolecules
3 molecular classes (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids)
polymers
long molecules that consist of identical building blocks linked together with covalent bonds
enzymes
specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
dehydration reaction
reaction in which 2 molecules are covalently bonded to one another with loss of a water molecule
hydrolysis
polymers are disassembled to monomers with addition of water molecule
carbohydrates
polymers of sugars
sugars end in what?
-ose
monosaccharide
monomer and simplest carbohydrate and made up of 1 carbonyl group and several hydroxyl groups
whats the most common monosaccharide
glucose (C6H12O6)
glucose has what function group at the end
carbonyl
what macromolecules are major nutrients for the cells
carbohydrates–sugars
disaccharide
2 monosaccharides
how are polysaccharides joined together?
glycosidic linkage
starch
polymer of glucose
purpose of glucose
store energy
how is starch broken down
cellular hydrolysis
what glucose configuration does starch have?
a
glycogen
polymer of glucose but more extensively branched than starch
which can sustain longer starch or glycogen?
glycogen (only up to a day)
cellulose
polymer of glucose that is a component of tough walls that encloses plant cells
what an example of a structural polysaccharide?
cellulose
glycogen is typically how many monomer linkages
1-4
what kind of linkages does cellulose have?
glycosidic linkages
starch is typically how many monomer linkages
1-4
where is glycogen normally stored?
muscle and liver cells
what polysaccharide is never branched
cellulose
cellulose has what glucose configuration
B
which polymer of glucose has the same orientation and which one flips every other one
starch has the same orientation
cellulose flips every other one
which glucose polymer can’t be digested by people and animals
cellulose. it is eliminated by feces
chitin
carbohydrate used by anthropods to build their skeleton
what kind of glucose configuration does chitin use
B
lipids
large biological molecules (fats, steroids, and phospholipids)
what do all lipids have in common
they are all hydrophobic
triacylglycerol
fat that has 3 fatty acid linked together to 1 glycerol
fatty acid
long carbon chain
fatty acids are typically how many carbons long
16-18
saturated fatty acid
no double bind, resulting in hydrogen bonds attaching to the cytoskeleton (saturated w hydrogens)
unsaturated fatty acids
1+ double bonds with fewer hydrogens (not saturated w hydrogens)
are oils saturated or unsaturated
unsaturated
transfat
unsaturated, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils
what kind of bond do trans fats have
double
what are the purpose of fats
to store energy
phospholipids
fat molecule of 2 fatty acids and a gylcerol
the head of a phospholipid is hydrophilic or hydrophobic
hydrophilic
are animal fats saturated or unsaturated
saturated
steroids
lipids that have a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
the tail of a phospholipid is hydrophilic or hydrophobic
hydrophobic
cholestrol
type of steroid thats crucial to animals
how do steroids differentiate
by the chemical groups
how is cholesterol obtained and synthesized
obtained in diet and synthesized in liver
proteins
biological functional molecule made up of polypeptides, coiled into a 3D structure
purposes of proteins
defense, storage, transport, cell communication
catalysts
chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions
amino acids
organic molecule with an amino and carboxyl group, an A carbon, and a varying side chain
peptide bond
2 amino acids being bonded together by a dehydration reaction
polypeptide
polymer of a peptide bond
whats the primary structure of a protein
sequence of its amino acids
what the secondary structure of the protein
pattern of how its coiled and folded.
A helix
B pleated sheet
tertiary structure of a protein
overall shape
Quaternary structure
overall and complete structure
denaturalization
when a proteins structure chemical bonds are destroyed due to pH, temp, etc causing it to lose shape
gene
amino acid sequence of a polypeptide ,programmed unit of inheritance
nucleic acid
polymers from nucleotides
deoxyribonycleic acid
DNA–provides directions for self replication. contains genetic material inherited
what kind of sugar makes up deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribose (lacks oxygen atoms)
what kind of sugar makes up ribonucleic acid
ribose
ribonucleic acid
RNA–reacts with cell’s protein synthesis, holds protein instructions for multiple forms
gene expression
DNA directing RNA protein synthesis
polynucleotides
nucleic acids that exist as polymers of nucleotides
nucleotides and what the are made up of
monomer that contains:
- pentose
- nitrogen base
- 1-3 phosphate groups
how many phosphate groups does the first nucleotide monomer have?
3, but 2 are lost in polymonomerization, so 1
pryimidine
6 member carbon ring with nitrogen atoms
what is a purine
larger 6 carbon ring fused to a 5 carbon ring
what are the members of the purines
adenine and guanine
what are the members of the pyrimidines
thymine (DNA)
uracil (RNA)
phosphodiester linkage
bond that hold together phosphate group & 2 nucleotides
sugar phosphate bonding
repetition of phosphate linkage bonds
hoe are phosphate linkage bonds formed
phosphate attached to 5’ carbon
hydroxyl group attached to 3’ carbon
on way 5’–>3’
double helix
DNA structure that has 2 polynucleotide strands that run antiparallel (one 3’–>5’) (one 5’–>3’)
what pairs with adenine
thymine (dna)
uracil (rna)
what pairs with guanine
cytosine
what molecule of life is NOT a macromolecule
lipids
Which of the following is a hydrocarbon?
C4H10
In the formation of a macromolecule, what type of reaction would join two subunits together?
dehydration reaction
Which of the following is NOT a polymer?
a) glucose
b) DNA
c) starch
d) cellulose
e) polypeptide
glucose
What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins?
chaperonin
What component of the nucleic acid structure makes it an acid?
phosphate
what do all 3 lipids have in common
they all contain hydrocarbons
what reaction is involved in attaching a fatty acid to gycerol
dehydration
why is TRANS fats banned in the US
it raises bad and removes good cholesterol
CIS bonds allow for what
bending and liquidness at room temp
how do phospholipids interact with water molecules
polar heads interact w water; nonpolar tails dont
what shows a disulfide bond on a structure
-SH
why are some amino acids electronically charged
hydrogens have already dissociated
are negative or positively charged amino acids acidic or basic
acidic`
what type of reaction is a peptide bond
dehydration
whats the difference between the two secondary protin structures
A is coiled
B is a pleated sheet
