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chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

monomer

A

smaller molecules that are the building blocks of polymers

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2
Q

what are the macromolecules

A

3 molecular classes (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids)

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3
Q

polymers

A

long molecules that consist of identical building blocks linked together with covalent bonds

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4
Q

enzymes

A

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

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5
Q

dehydration reaction

A

reaction in which 2 molecules are covalently bonded to one another with loss of a water molecule

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6
Q

hydrolysis

A

polymers are disassembled to monomers with addition of water molecule

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7
Q

carbohydrates

A

polymers of sugars

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8
Q

sugars end in what?

A

-ose

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9
Q

monosaccharide

A

monomer and simplest carbohydrate and made up of 1 carbonyl group and several hydroxyl groups

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10
Q

whats the most common monosaccharide

A

glucose (C6H12O6)

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11
Q

glucose has what function group at the end

A

carbonyl

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12
Q

what macromolecules are major nutrients for the cells

A

carbohydrates–sugars

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13
Q

disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides

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14
Q

how are polysaccharides joined together?

A

glycosidic linkage

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15
Q

starch

A

polymer of glucose

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16
Q

purpose of glucose

A

store energy

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17
Q

how is starch broken down

A

cellular hydrolysis

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18
Q

what glucose configuration does starch have?

A

a

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19
Q

glycogen

A

polymer of glucose but more extensively branched than starch

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20
Q

which can sustain longer starch or glycogen?

A

glycogen (only up to a day)

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21
Q

cellulose

A

polymer of glucose that is a component of tough walls that encloses plant cells

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22
Q

what an example of a structural polysaccharide?

A

cellulose

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23
Q

glycogen is typically how many monomer linkages

A

1-4

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24
Q

what kind of linkages does cellulose have?

A

glycosidic linkages

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25
Q

starch is typically how many monomer linkages

A

1-4

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26
Q

where is glycogen normally stored?

A

muscle and liver cells

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27
Q

what polysaccharide is never branched

A

cellulose

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28
Q

cellulose has what glucose configuration

A

B

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29
Q

which polymer of glucose has the same orientation and which one flips every other one

A

starch has the same orientation

cellulose flips every other one

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30
Q

which glucose polymer can’t be digested by people and animals

A

cellulose. it is eliminated by feces

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31
Q

chitin

A

carbohydrate used by anthropods to build their skeleton

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32
Q

what kind of glucose configuration does chitin use

A

B

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33
Q

lipids

A

large biological molecules (fats, steroids, and phospholipids)

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34
Q

what do all lipids have in common

A

they are all hydrophobic

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35
Q

triacylglycerol

A

fat that has 3 fatty acid linked together to 1 glycerol

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36
Q

fatty acid

A

long carbon chain

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37
Q

fatty acids are typically how many carbons long

A

16-18

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38
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

no double bind, resulting in hydrogen bonds attaching to the cytoskeleton (saturated w hydrogens)

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39
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

1+ double bonds with fewer hydrogens (not saturated w hydrogens)

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40
Q

are oils saturated or unsaturated

A

unsaturated

41
Q

transfat

A

unsaturated, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils

42
Q

what kind of bond do trans fats have

A

double

43
Q

what are the purpose of fats

A

to store energy

44
Q

phospholipids

A

fat molecule of 2 fatty acids and a gylcerol

45
Q

the head of a phospholipid is hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic

46
Q

are animal fats saturated or unsaturated

A

saturated

47
Q

steroids

A

lipids that have a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

48
Q

the tail of a phospholipid is hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophobic

49
Q

cholestrol

A

type of steroid thats crucial to animals

50
Q

how do steroids differentiate

A

by the chemical groups

51
Q

how is cholesterol obtained and synthesized

A

obtained in diet and synthesized in liver

52
Q

proteins

A

biological functional molecule made up of polypeptides, coiled into a 3D structure

53
Q

purposes of proteins

A

defense, storage, transport, cell communication

54
Q

catalysts

A

chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions

55
Q

amino acids

A

organic molecule with an amino and carboxyl group, an A carbon, and a varying side chain

56
Q

peptide bond

A

2 amino acids being bonded together by a dehydration reaction

57
Q

polypeptide

A

polymer of a peptide bond

58
Q

whats the primary structure of a protein

A

sequence of its amino acids

59
Q

what the secondary structure of the protein

A

pattern of how its coiled and folded.
A helix
B pleated sheet

60
Q

tertiary structure of a protein

A

overall shape

61
Q

Quaternary structure

A

overall and complete structure

62
Q

denaturalization

A

when a proteins structure chemical bonds are destroyed due to pH, temp, etc causing it to lose shape

63
Q

gene

A

amino acid sequence of a polypeptide ,programmed unit of inheritance

64
Q

nucleic acid

A

polymers from nucleotides

65
Q

deoxyribonycleic acid

A

DNA–provides directions for self replication. contains genetic material inherited

66
Q

what kind of sugar makes up deoxyribonucleic acid

A

deoxyribose (lacks oxygen atoms)

67
Q

what kind of sugar makes up ribonucleic acid

A

ribose

68
Q

ribonucleic acid

A

RNA–reacts with cell’s protein synthesis, holds protein instructions for multiple forms

69
Q

gene expression

A

DNA directing RNA protein synthesis

70
Q

polynucleotides

A

nucleic acids that exist as polymers of nucleotides

71
Q

nucleotides and what the are made up of

A

monomer that contains:

  • pentose
  • nitrogen base
  • 1-3 phosphate groups
72
Q

how many phosphate groups does the first nucleotide monomer have?

A

3, but 2 are lost in polymonomerization, so 1

73
Q

pryimidine

A

6 member carbon ring with nitrogen atoms

74
Q

what is a purine

A

larger 6 carbon ring fused to a 5 carbon ring

75
Q

what are the members of the purines

A

adenine and guanine

76
Q

what are the members of the pyrimidines

A

thymine (DNA)

uracil (RNA)

77
Q

phosphodiester linkage

A

bond that hold together phosphate group & 2 nucleotides

78
Q

sugar phosphate bonding

A

repetition of phosphate linkage bonds

79
Q

hoe are phosphate linkage bonds formed

A

phosphate attached to 5’ carbon
hydroxyl group attached to 3’ carbon
on way 5’–>3’

80
Q

double helix

A

DNA structure that has 2 polynucleotide strands that run antiparallel (one 3’–>5’) (one 5’–>3’)

81
Q

what pairs with adenine

A

thymine (dna)

uracil (rna)

82
Q

what pairs with guanine

A

cytosine

83
Q

what molecule of life is NOT a macromolecule

A

lipids

84
Q

Which of the following is a hydrocarbon?

A

C4H10

85
Q

In the formation of a macromolecule, what type of reaction would join two subunits together?

A

dehydration reaction

86
Q

Which of the following is NOT a polymer?

a) glucose
b) DNA
c) starch
d) cellulose
e) polypeptide

A

glucose

87
Q

What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins?

A

chaperonin

88
Q

What component of the nucleic acid structure makes it an acid?

A

phosphate

89
Q

what do all 3 lipids have in common

A

they all contain hydrocarbons

90
Q

what reaction is involved in attaching a fatty acid to gycerol

A

dehydration

91
Q

why is TRANS fats banned in the US

A

it raises bad and removes good cholesterol

92
Q

CIS bonds allow for what

A

bending and liquidness at room temp

93
Q

how do phospholipids interact with water molecules

A

polar heads interact w water; nonpolar tails dont

94
Q

what shows a disulfide bond on a structure

A

-SH

95
Q

why are some amino acids electronically charged

A

hydrogens have already dissociated

96
Q

are negative or positively charged amino acids acidic or basic

A

acidic`

97
Q

what type of reaction is a peptide bond

A

dehydration

98
Q

whats the difference between the two secondary protin structures

A

A is coiled

B is a pleated sheet

bio 112 (14 decks)

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