chapter 6 Flashcards
the cell
most cells range between what sizes
1-10 um
what cells are typically bigger? prokaryote or eukaryote?
eukaryote
True or False: All eukaryotic organisms are multicellular
false (fungi is unicellular)
True or False: All cells have a nucleus
false
True or False: All cells have a chromosome
true
what are the structures that eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have in common?
plasma membrane
chromosomes
ribosomes
what are the key differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound nucleus, numerous membrane bound organelles that are within the cytoplasm
cytoplasm
region of the the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
what is the purpose of membrane compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells
provides local environments embedded with enzymes, for specific metabolic functions
what is the purpose of the nucleus
contains genetic information
what is the purpose of the nuclear envelope
double membrane contains pores
what is the location and the purpose of the nuclear lamina
surrounds inner layer of the nuclear membrane. Provides structural support for the nucleus
what is the purpose of the nucleolus
dense structure that synthesizes ribosomal RNA which combines with proteins to make ribosomal subunits
what is the purpose of the chromosomes
structures that carry genetic information
what is chromatin
complex of one long DNA molecule associated with many proteins
when are chromosomes visible individually
when they are condensed in dividing cells
what is the purpose of the ribosomes
complexes of ribosomal RNA and proteins that carry out protein synthesis within the cytoplasm
where are ribsomes assembled
nucleus
How are ribosomes transported to the cytoplasm
through nuclear pores
are ribosomes organelles?
no, doesnt have a membrane
where are free ribosomes located and what is their function
located in cytosol.
they synthesize proteins that are used within they cytosol
what are bound ribosomes
they are attached to the ER or nuclear envelope to synthesize proteins found within membranes, packaged into organelles
what is the function of the Endomembrane system
regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
how are organelles connected in a cell
connected directly or connected via tiny membrane vesticles
what are the functions of the endomembrane system
detoxification
lipid synthesis, metabolism and movement
synthesis and transport of proteins into membranes, organelles, or out of the cell
what is the purpose of the cisternae
network of interconnected tubules or compartments in the ER/Golgi
lumen
different environment inside of the cisternae
what does the rough ER look like
ribosomes attached o the cytoplasic side of cisternae
functions of rough ER
synthesis of proteins
addition of carbohydrates
assembly of phospholipids and proteins
smooth ER
lacks ribosomes and holds enzymes
what are the functions of the enzymes in the smooth ER
synthesis of lipids
carbohydrate metabolism
detoxification
what is the purpose of the Golgi Apparatus
shipping and receiving center of a cell
Cis face of Golgi
where transport vesicles go to golgi
trans face of golgi
where transport vesicles bud off from the Golgi
what is the purpose of the lysosome
digestive compartments within the cell
what is the pH of the lysosome
pH–5 acidic
endosymbiont theory
eukaryotic cells engulf oxygenized-photosynthetic prokaryote and it merged into a single organism with a mitochondrion
evidence of endosymbiont theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane
mitochondria
converts molecules into ATP
the inner membrane divides the mitochondria into what 2 parts?
intermembrane space
matrix
chloroplasts
convert solar energy to chemical energy
stroma
fluid inside the inner membrane that contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes
thylakoid membranes
another membrane system in chloroplasts that contain photosynthetic enzymes
granum
stack of thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts
peroxisomes
membrane bounded metabolic compartments that use enzymes to produce H2O2
why are peroxisomes not part of the endomembrane system
they aren’t fully within the cell
what is the cytoskeleton and its functions
network of protein fibers
cell motility
mechanical signals
cell shape
what are the 3 types of cytoskeletons
microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
cytokinesis
diving cytoplasm
what is the size order of the cytoskeletons form small to large
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules
what is the shape of microfilaments
hallow
what is the function of microfilaments
moving organelles
chromosome movement
found within cilia and flagella
what is the function of intermediate filaments
muscle contraction
cell division
found in microvilli
what is the shape of intermediate filaments
2 intertwined strands
what is the function of intermediate microtubules
anchor nucleus
what is the shape of intermediate microtubules
coiled thick cables
purpose of mechanical signaling pathways
relay info about changes of inside and outside of the cell
what is the purpose of ECM
protection and to keep things out
what is the purpose of tight junctions
prevent fluid from moving across layer of cells–SEAL
desmosomes
anchoring junctions that hold sides together
gap junctions
protein lines pores that exchange ions and small molecules between cells
True or False: Mitochondria and chloroplasts have the same general function: to convert energy into a usable form for the cell
true
True or False: A plant that has chloroplasts does not need mitochondria.
false
