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bio 112 > chapter 11 > Flashcards

chapter 11 Flashcards

cell division

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are reasons for cell division

A

reproduction
growth and development
tissue renewal

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2
Q

what is the product of binary fission

A

produces 2 identical daughter cells

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3
Q

what is the product of mitosis

A

produces 2 identical daughter cells

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4
Q

what types of cells use mitosis

A

somatic cells

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5
Q

what types of cells use binary fission

A

amoeba and bacteria

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6
Q

what types of cells use meiosis

A

germ cells

sperm/egg

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7
Q

what is the product of meiosis

A

produces 4 identical daughter cells

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8
Q

when is DNA organized uncondensed

A

when genes are being transcribed or expressed

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9
Q

when is DNA condensed

A

when genes are inaccessible during cellular division (chromosomes)

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10
Q

what is the centromere

A

where two sister chromatids are attached

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11
Q

how are sister chromosomes attached

A

cohesins- complex of adhesive proteins

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12
Q

how many chromosomes are sister cells composed of

A

1

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13
Q

how do chromosomes divide

A

a single chromosome replicates and then the sister cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells

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14
Q

what are the 5 steps of mitosis

A 
prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase/cytokinesis
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15
Q

what occurs during prophase

A

chromatin condenses
mitotic spindle forms
centrosomes start to move

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16
Q

what occurs during prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope fragments

microtubules attach to chromatids or those of the opposite spindle

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17
Q

what occurs during metaphase

A

chromosomes convene on metaphase plate

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18
Q

what occurs during anaphse

A

sister chromatids separate

microtubules shorten

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19
Q

what occurs during telophase/cytokinesis

A

nuclear envelope reforms
cytoplasm divides
two daughter cells form

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20
Q

what is the longest phase

A

metaphase

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21
Q

what is the shortest phase

A

anaphase

22
Q

whats the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis

A

mitosis is division of the nucleus

cytokinesis is division of cytoplasm

23
Q

mitotic phase

A

mitosis and cytokinesis occur

24
Q

what is binary fission

A

asexual reproduction

25
Q

how often do cancer cells divide

A

uncontrollably

26
Q

what was the longest phase of the cell cycle

A

G1

27
Q

DNA duplication is part of mitosis.

A

false

28
Q

how often do muscle/nerve cells divide

A

they don’t divide

29
Q

how often do liver cells divide

A

they can divide, but only do when needed

30
Q

how often do skin cells divide

A

frequently

31
Q

what are the steps that occur during binary fission

A
  • chromosomes replicate
  • origin of replication is copied and one end moves towards the other
  • the cell separates
  • plasma membrane and new cell wall grow
32
Q

what does the eukaryotic cell cycle display

A

timing and rate of cell division in plants and animals is crucial to normal growth, development, and maintence

33
Q

cell cycle control system

A

cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates events in the cell cycle
(“stop” and “go” signals)

34
Q

what does the M checkpoint ask?

A

are all chromosomes attached to the spindle?

35
Q

what does the G1 checkpoint ask?

A

is DNA damaged?

36
Q

what does the G2 checkpoint ask?

A

is all DNA replicated?

37
Q

what is the most important checkpoint in mammalian cells?

A

G1

38
Q

what will occur if a cell receives a “yes” at the G1 checkpoint

A

it will enter G1, S, G2, M and divide

39
Q

what will occur if a cell receives a “no” at the G1 checkpoint

A

it will go the the undividing G0 state

40
Q

what phase are most cells in the human body located

A

G0

41
Q

why is the M checkpoint so important

A

It makes sure that cells do not end up with missing or extra chromosomes

42
Q

what is the cell cycle clock

A

two types of regulator molecules control the pace of the cycle

43
Q

what are protein kinases

A

enzymes that activate or inactivate other protein molecules by phosphorylating them

44
Q

what are cyclins

A

proteins that activate cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

45
Q

what is the M phase promoting factor

A

cyclin-Cdk complex activity

46
Q

MPF functions to

A
  • trigger cells past the G2 checkpoint and into M phase

- phosphorylating a wide range of proteins

47
Q

Whats the G1 phase

A

the cell degrades cyclin and recycles Cdk molecule

48
Q

What is the S phase - G phase

A

synthesis of cyclin and is prevented from degradation

49
Q

what occurs at the end of G2

A

Cdk and cyclin combine to form MPF

when enough is produces, it moves to mitosis

50
Q

what product is released at the end of anaphase in mitosis

A

Cdk

bio 112 (14 decks)

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