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BIOL 1105 > Final Exam Review: Module 4 Portion > Flashcards

Final Exam Review: Module 4 Portion Flashcards

1
Q

____ is a form of artifical selection that can take many generations.

A

Selective breeding

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2
Q

____ enables DNA to be modified with technology. It is much faster and more targeted.

A

Gene editing

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3
Q

____ are often used in gene editing to cut DNA at specific locations.

A

Restriction enzymes

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4
Q

Restriction enzymes are naturally found in….

A

Bacteria

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5
Q

List the four steps of molecular cloning.

A
  1. Amplify DNA
  2. Cut out DNA
  3. Isolate DNA
  4. Insert DNA
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6
Q

Molecular cloning amplifies DNA using…

A

PCR

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7
Q

Instead of using helicase, PCR uses ____ to unwind DNA strands.

A

Heat

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8
Q

List three important components of PCR.

A
  1. Chain-terminating nucleotides (ddNTPs)
  2. DNA polymerase
  3. Synthetic primers
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9
Q

____ is the process of moving DNA molecules through a gel with electricity.

A

Gel electrophoresis

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10
Q

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA molecules based on…

A

Size

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11
Q

During electrophoresis, larger DNA molecules travel ____ through the gel than shorter molecules.

A

Slower

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12
Q

During gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules move towards the ____ end of the gel.

A

Positively-charged

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13
Q

The size of the fragments separated in electrophoresis can be determined using a….

A

DNA ladder

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14
Q

The ____ is a bacterial immune response that keeps a “library” of viral DNA and uses restriction enzymes to precisely cut DNA when re-infected.

A

CRISPR/Cas9 system

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15
Q

How is the CRISPR/Cas9 system used in gene editing?

A

Scientists can develop guide RNA and inject it into a cell to cut DNA at a specific location, then alter the cut segment

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16
Q

How does somatic cell editing differ from germline cell editing?

A

Somatic editing only affects that cell and its descendants. Any benefits or risks are confined to the individual.
Germline editing will affect every cell in the body. Any benefits or risks will affect both the individual and all their offspring.

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17
Q

Why is it difficult to accurately predict the impacts of gene editing?

A

Ecosystems are complex and editing DNA could have unexpected negative impacts on the ecosystem

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18
Q

The field of sequencing and understanding genomes is called…

A

Genomics

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19
Q

Genomics integrates both ____ and ____ genetics.

A

Classical and molecular

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20
Q

List four applications of genomics.

A
  1. Mapping genomes
  2. Sequencing genomes
  3. Genome annotation
  4. Genome analysis
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21
Q

____ are derived from recombination frequencies and linkage analysis.

A

Genetic maps

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22
Q

____ show the relative locations of genes.

A

Genetic maps

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23
Q

____ use landmarks in the DNA sequence as markers.

A

Physical maps

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24
Q

____ give the precise location of genes, sometimes with nucleotide-level resolution.

A

Physical maps

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25
Q

Chromosome maps are a type of…

A

Physical map

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26
Q

What three things do all DNA sequencing methods require?

A
  1. PCR
  2. Electrophoresis
  3. Chain-terminating nucleotides
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27
Q

List the three main types of DNA sequencing.

A
  1. Manual (Sanger sequencing)
  2. Automated (Dideoxy)
  3. Next-gen
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28
Q

The manual sequencing methods developed by Fred Sanger were…

A

Time-consuming and labor-intensive

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29
Q

Automated sequencing methods use ____ to identify bases after gel electrophoresis.

A

Lasers and photodetectors

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30
Q

List three advantages of next-gen sequencing techniques.

A
  1. Much faster
  2. Much cheaper
  3. Can sequence much larger fragments
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31
Q

Next-gen sequencing methods sequence DNA by…

A

Fragmenting and then reassembling it

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32
Q

True or false:

Unlike other sequencing methods, the ddNTPs used in next-gen sequencing are reversible.

A

True

33
Q

List two major types of next-gen sequencing.

A
  1. Clone-contig method
  2. Shotgun method
34
Q

The ____ method of sequencing breaks a genome into smaller fragments, arranges them using STS landmarks, and assembles their sequences into a larger sequence.

A

Clone-contig

35
Q

The fragments of DNA used in the clone-contig method are called…

A

Clones

36
Q

In the clone-contig method, the clones’ sequences are eventually used to make a larger sequence called a…

A

Contig

37
Q

True or false:

The shotgun method relies on physical maps.

A

False

It does not require any maps at all.

38
Q

In the ____ method of sequencing, the genome is fragmented into manageable pieces, and a computer program is used to reassemble the fragments using overlap between nucleotide sequences.

A

Shotgun

39
Q

The process of assigning information to DNA sequences is called…

A

Genome annotation

40
Q

Genome sequences and their annotations can often be found in…

A

Online databases

41
Q

____ is any region of DNA that does not code for proteins or functional RNA.

A

Noncoding DNA

42
Q

List the seven types of noncoding DNA.

A
  1. Introns
  2. Segmental duplications
  3. Pseudogenes
  4. Structural DNA
  5. Simple sequence repeats
  6. Transposable elements
  7. Noncoding RNA
43
Q

____ are segments of noncoding DNA that make up the great majority of a human gene.

A

Introns

44
Q

Regions of the genome that have been copied are called…

A

Segmental duplications

45
Q

____ are inactive genes, which have characteristics of a gene but are not functional.

A

Pseudogenes

46
Q

____ is regions of heterochromatin located near the telomeres and centromeres.

A

Structural DNA

47
Q

____ are short, stuttering sequences of a few nucleotides repeated thousands of times.

A

Simple sequence repeats

48
Q

____, also known as “jumping genes” are regions of DNA that can move from one chromosome to another.

A

Transposable elements

49
Q

RNA molecules that do not code for proteins but have regulatory functions are called…

A

Noncoding RNA

50
Q

The branch of genomics that reveals conserved regions and uses information from one genome to learn about a second, related genome is called…

A

Comparative genomics

51
Q

Comparative genomics is based on….

A

Synteny

52
Q

____ refers to the conserved arrangement of DNA in related genomes.

A

Synteny

53
Q

List three applications of comparative genomics.

A
  1. Predict gene function
  2. Predict evolutionary relationships
  3. Locate similar genes
54
Q

The branch of genomics that reveals gene function by using technology to find connections between genotype and phenotype is called…

A

Functional genomics

55
Q

List three areas studied in functional genomics.

A
  1. All the RNA molecules produced by the genome
  2. All the proteins produced by the genome
  3. The interactions between proteins
56
Q

The ____ comprises all RNA molecules produced by the genome.

A

Transcriptome

57
Q

The ____ comprises all proteins produced by the genome.

A

Proteome

58
Q

The study of all the proteins produced by the genome and their interactions is called…

A

Proteomics

59
Q

The proteome is ____ to analyze than the transcriptome.

A

Harder

60
Q

List two techniques commonly used in proteomics.

A
  1. Mass spectrometry
  2. Protein microarrays
61
Q

____ identifies segments of isolated proteins by their charge-to-mass ratio.

A

Mass spectrometry

62
Q

____ identify proteins by applying antibodies to a chip.

A

Protein microarrays

63
Q

True or false:

Cell differentiation continues throughout development and into adulthood.

A

True

64
Q

____ is the production of specialized cells from the division of undifferentiated stem cells.

A

Cell differentiation

65
Q

Cell differentiation is a ____ process.

A

Gradual

66
Q

Cell differentiation depends on changes in…

A

Gene expression

67
Q

Stem cells are categorized by their….

A

Potency

68
Q

A stem cell’s potency refers to…

A

The range of possible cell fates its descendants may have

69
Q

List the four categories of stem cells.

A
  1. Totipotent
  2. Pluripotent
  3. Multipotent
  4. Unipotent
70
Q

____ stem cells are capable of producing every tissue in the body, including those needed for embryonic development.

A

Totipotent

71
Q

Which two types of cells are totipotent?

A
  1. The zygote
  2. Blastomeres
72
Q

____ stem cells can produce every tissue in the body except for those needed for embryonic development.

A

Pluripotent

73
Q

What type of cells are pluripotent?

A

Embryonic stem cells

74
Q

____ stem cells can only differentiate into a few cell types and are unable to produce a complete organism.

A

Multipotent

75
Q

Give an example of multipotent stem cells.

A

Adult stem cells

76
Q

____ stem cells can only differentiate into one type of cell.

A

Unipotent

77
Q

Give an example of unipotent stem cells.

A

Germline stem cells

78
Q

The developmental process that creates the body plan of an organism is called…

A

Pattern formation

BIOL 1105 (26 decks)

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