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BIOL 1105 > 9: Energy from Organic Molecules II > Flashcards

9: Energy from Organic Molecules II Flashcards

Module 2, Lesson 3

1
Q

In the first three stages of aerobic cellular respiration, each glucose molecule is oxidized to form…

(4 items)

A

6 molecules of carbon dioxide
4 molecules of ATP
10 molecules of NADH
2 molecules of FADH2

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2
Q

The fourth stage of cellular respiration is the…

A

Electron transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis

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3
Q

The majority of the ATP synthesized from glucose oxidation is made via…

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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4
Q

The cell’s predominant method of synthesizing ATP from glucose is…

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

The electron transport chain involves the…

A

Orderly extraction of energy from electrons

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6
Q

True or false:

The ETC enables the cell to extract all the energy from electrons at once.

A

False

Like respiration of glucose, the ETC occurs over several steps.

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7
Q

Once all their energy has been extracted, electrons are transported to the…

A

Final electron acceptor

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8
Q

During aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is…

A

Molecular oxygen

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9
Q

True or false:

The electron transport chain directly produces ATP.

A

False

The electron transport chain produces a proton gradient, which is then used to produce ATP.

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10
Q

The electron transport chain involves a series of ____ and ____.

A

Membrane-bound protein complexes and lipid-soluble electron carriers.

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11
Q

The electron transport chain occurs in the…

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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12
Q

The ETC includes three ____ that harvest energy from electrons and pass the lower-energy electrons onward.

A

Transmembrane enzyme complexes

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13
Q

The transmembrane protein complexes use the energy from electrons to…

A

Pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space.

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14
Q

The ETC ensures that there are ____ protons in the intermembrane space than in the matrix.

A

More
(greater concentration)

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15
Q

List the three transmembrane enzyme complexes.

A
  1. NADH dehydrogenase
  2. bc1 complex
  3. Cytochrome oxidase complex
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16
Q

After harvesting energy, NADH dehydrogenase transfers electrons to…

A

A lipid-soluble electron carrier
(abbreviated “Q”)

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17
Q

The lipid-soluble elctron carrier “Q” transfers electrons to…

A

the bc1 complex

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18
Q

The bc1 complex transfers electrons to…

A

Cytochrome C

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19
Q

Cytochrome C transfers electrons to…

A

the cytochrome oxidase complex

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20
Q

At the end of the electron transport chain, molecular oxygen is reduced to form…

A

1 molecule of water

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21
Q

True or false:

The electrons in FADH2 only pass through two of the transmembrane complexes.

A

True

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22
Q

Which transmembrane enzyme complex does FADH2 electrons skip?

A

NADH dehydrogenase

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23
Q

Instead of giving its electrons to NADH hydrogenase, FADH2 transfers them to…

A

Ubiquinone

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24
Q

The purpose of the electron transport to chain is to…

A

Create a proton concentration gradient

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25
Q

The purpose of chemiosmosis is to…

A

Produce ATP by moving protons

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26
Q

The proton concentration gradient represents…

A

Potential energy

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27
Q

The force created by the proton gradient is similar to that created by…

A

Osmosis

28
Q

ATP formation during chemiosmosis is driven by the ____ force.

A

Proton-motive

29
Q

True or false:

The inner mitochondrial membrane is relatively impermeable to ions.

A

True

This is why protons require assistance to cross it.

30
Q

____ moves protons across the inner membrane.

A

ATP synthase

31
Q

The movement of protons across the inner membrane during chemiosmosis is an example of…

A

Facilitated diffusion

32
Q

During chemiosmosis, protons are moved ____ their concentration gradient.

A

Down

33
Q

ATP synthase is made up of a ____ connected to a ____.

A

Membrane-bound channel protein ; enzymatic head portion

34
Q

1 ATP molecule is produced for every ____ protons.

A

Four

35
Q

The electrons from one molecule of FADH2 can power the movement of ____ protons.

A

Six

36
Q

Each FADH2 molecule has enough energy to produce ____ ATP molecules.

A

1.5

37
Q

The electrons from one NADH molecule can power the movement of ____ protons.

A

Ten

38
Q

Each NADH molecule has enough energy to generate ____ molecules of ATP.

A

2.5

39
Q

Glycolysis produces…

A

2 ATP

40
Q

Pyruvate oxidation produces…

A

No ATP
(directly)

41
Q

The Krebs cycle produces…

A

2 ATP

42
Q

The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis produce…

A

28 ATP

43
Q

Prokaryotes produce a total of ____ ATP from the aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule.

A

32

44
Q

Eukaryotes produce a total of ____ ATP from the aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule.

A

30

45
Q

Why do eukaryotes produce less ATP from aerobic respiration of glucose?

A

Moving each NADH molecule into the mitochondria requires 1 ATP

46
Q

True or false:

Cells require oxygen to be able to use the electron transport chain.

A

False

Some cells can still use the ETC even in the absence of oxygen.

47
Q

____ cellular respiration is performed in the absence of oxygen.

A

Anaerobic

48
Q

In anaerobic respiration, ____ replace molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptors.

A

Inorganic molecules

49
Q

List three inorganic molecules that can replace oxygen as the final electron acceptor.

A
  1. Sulfur
  2. Carbon dioxide
  3. Inorganic metals
50
Q

Anaerobic respiration generates ____ ATP than aerobic respiration, because…

A

Less ; the replacement molecules have less affinity for electrons than oxygen.

51
Q

____ occurs when cells extract energy from organic molecules using an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor.

A

Fermentation

52
Q

True or false:

Cells can perform glycolysis without oxygen.

A

True

53
Q

Fermentation enables glycolysis to continue by…

A

Regenerating NAD+

54
Q

When bacteria perform fermentation, the final electron acceptor is…

A

Pyruvate or a derivative of pyruvate

55
Q

When eukaryotes perform fermentation, the final electron acceptor is often ____ or ____.

A

Yeast or pyruvate (lactic acid)

56
Q

When yeast is used as the final electron acceptor, it produces…

A

Carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD+

57
Q

Many muscle cells in animals can transfer electrons from NADH to pyruvate, producing…

A

Lactic acid

58
Q

Lactic acid fermentation is useful because…

A

It allows some ATP production to continue as long as glucose is available.

59
Q

What causes the burning sensation felt due to muscle fatigue?

A

A buildup of lactic acid in the muscle cells, as a result of fermentation

60
Q

True or false:

Glucose is the only source of energy for cells.

A

False

Cells can also extract energy from several types of macromolecules.

61
Q

List three macromolecules that serve as major energy sources for the cell.

A
  1. Polysaccharides
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids

no, not glucose - glucose is not a macromolecule!

62
Q

During catabolism of proteins, the proteins are broken down into…

A

Amino subunits

63
Q

During catabolism, the amino group is removed from an amino acid via a ____ reaction.

A

Deamination

64
Q

During the catabolism of fats, they are broken down into…

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

65
Q

Fatty acids are converted into a 2-carbon acetyl group using…

A

Beta (β) oxidation

66
Q

The respiration of 6-carbon fatty acids produces 20% ____ energy than glucose.

A

More

67
Q

The molecules formed by the oxidation of macromolecules then enter…

A

The Krebs cycle

BIOL 1105 (26 decks)

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