5: The Structure of Cells Flashcards
Module 1, Lesson 5
Discrete subcellular structures with specialized functions are called…
Organelles
All cells and many subcellular structures can be seen using a…
Light microscope
To see macromolecules, a(n) ____ is needed.
Electron microscope
List the main characteristics of prokaryotes.
(five)
- Generally smaller than eukaryotes
- Always unicellular
- Cells lack internal compartments
- May have cell walls or a capsule coating
- May have movement appendages such as pili or flagella
List four major similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- A plasma membrane separates the interior of the cell from the environment
- DNA is the cell’s genetic material
- DNA is translated into proteins which carry out gene expression
- Possess metabolic pathways
Subcellular structures used to synthesize proteins are called…
Ribosomes
Ribosomes can be found in…
(three places)
- Cytoplasm
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts
The major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotes…
Contain membrane-bound internal compartments (organelles)
Structures unique to plant and fungal cells include…
(three)
- Cell walls
- Chloroplasts
- Vacuoles
Everything contained inside the plasma membrane is termed the…
Cytoplasm
The cellular material inside the plasma membrane but outside the organelle membranes is termed the…
Cytosol
The material contained inside organelle membranes is called the…
Lumen
True or false:
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have cytosol.
False
Cytosol only exists in eukaryotes; however, both types contain cytoplasm.
The largest and most visible organelle is usually the…
Nucleus
The inner and outer membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytosol is called the…
Nuclear envelope
Large openings in the nuclear envelope that enable proteins and RNA to cross are called…
Nuclear pores
The area of the nucleus that synthesizes RNA for ribosomes is called the…
Nucleolus
List the two main functions of the nucleus.
- Protects DNA from damage
- Separates RNA production from protein production
The organelle made up of a network of membrane and a continuous lumen is the…
Endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)
List the three major functions of the ER.
- Protein and lipid production
- Calcium ion storage
- Detoxification
The portion of the ER that has ribosomes on the cytosol surface is called the…
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
The main function of the rough ER is…
Protein synthesis
The portion of the ER that has no ribosomes is called the…
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The main functions of the smooth ER are…
Lipid synthesis and detoxification reactions
Materials produced in the ER are transported to other areas of the cell using…
Vesicles
The organelle made of a polarized stack of flat membranes is called the…
Golgi Apparatus
List the two main functions of the Golgi apparatus.
- Modification of proteins and lipids
- Sorting of proteins and lipids
Vesicles arrive at the ____ face of the Golgi apparatus.
Cis/entry
Material exits the Golgi apparatus at the ____ face.
Trans/exit
The process by which materials travel from the ER to the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane is called…
Exocytosis
List three destinations for materials after it leaves the Golgi apparatus.
- Plasma membrane
- Lysosomes
- Extracellular environment
Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down molecules are called…
Lysosomes
The main function of lysosomes is to…
Degrade and digest old or damaged organelles
A critical component in a lysosome’s ability to digest materials is its…
Very acidic interior pH
Organelles that enclose potentially harmful enzymatic reactions are called…
Peroxisomes
A storage and digestion organelle unique to plant and fungal cells is called the…
Vacuoles
In plants, the most critical function of the large vacuole is to…
Maintain the water balance in the cell
List the four main functions of vacuoles.
- Maintain water balance
- Store small molecules
- Store waste
- Degrade macromolecules
The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts came from bacteria consumed by early cells is called…
Endosymbiosis
Unlike other organelles, mitochondria and chloroplasts…
- Have their own circular DNA
- Have their own ribosomes
- Divide within the cell
The organelle that makes ATP from sugars is the…
Mitochondria
Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce by…
Binary fission
The organelle unique to plants and other photosynthetic organisms that uses light to produce ATP and sugars is the…
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria have ____ membranes.
Two
Chloroplasts have ____ membranes.
Three
Eukaryotic cells have a complex and dynamic…
Cytoskeleton
List the three main types of cytoskeletal filaments.
- Actin filaments
- Microtubules
- Intermediate filaments
Actin filaments are ____ and are made from ____.
Globular; actin monomers
Microtubules are ____ and are made from ____.
Globular; tubulin dipolymers
Intermediate filaments are ____ and are made from ____.
Fibrous; various monomers
List the three major roles of actin filaments.
- Muscle contraction
- Cell crawling
- Influences cell shape
List the three main functions of microtubules.
- Help cells organize and divide
- Form the network used by vesicles to transport materials
- Exist on the outside of the cell as cilia or flagella
True or false:
Eukaryotic flagella and prokaryotic flagella are very similar.
False
Eukaryotic flagella are very different from other types of flagella.
Microtubule movement is driven by…
Motor proteins
List some structures that are moved by motor proteins.
(four)
- Cilia
- Flagella
- Vesicles
- Neurotransmitters
What is the main function of intermediate filaments?
Support and protect the cell
Eukaryotes secrete materials that create a(n) ____, which provides support from outside the membrane.
Extracellular matrix
Extracellular matrices are primarily composed of…
Proteins and carbohydrates
Extracellular matrices are generally ____ in nature.
Fibrous
Plant and fungal cells use ____ for extracellular protection and support.
Cell walls
True or false:
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes have distinct cell walls.
True
In plant cells, the cell wall is mostly composed of…
Cellulose
In fungal cells, the cell wall is mostly composed of…
Chitin
