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BIOL 1105 > 5: The Structure of Cells > Flashcards

5: The Structure of Cells Flashcards

Module 1, Lesson 5

1
Q

Discrete subcellular structures with specialized functions are called…

A

Organelles

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2
Q

All cells and many subcellular structures can be seen using a…

A

Light microscope

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3
Q

To see macromolecules, a(n) ____ is needed.

A

Electron microscope

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4
Q

List the main characteristics of prokaryotes.

(five)

A
  1. Generally smaller than eukaryotes
  2. Always unicellular
  3. Cells lack internal compartments
  4. May have cell walls or a capsule coating
  5. May have movement appendages such as pili or flagella
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5
Q

List four major similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A
  1. A plasma membrane separates the interior of the cell from the environment
  2. DNA is the cell’s genetic material
  3. DNA is translated into proteins which carry out gene expression
  4. Possess metabolic pathways
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6
Q

Subcellular structures used to synthesize proteins are called…

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

Ribosomes can be found in…

(three places)

A
  1. Cytoplasm
  2. Mitochondria
  3. Chloroplasts
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8
Q

The major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotes…

A

Contain membrane-bound internal compartments (organelles)

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9
Q

Structures unique to plant and fungal cells include…

(three)

A
  1. Cell walls
  2. Chloroplasts
  3. Vacuoles
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10
Q

Everything contained inside the plasma membrane is termed the…

A

Cytoplasm

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11
Q

The cellular material inside the plasma membrane but outside the organelle membranes is termed the…

A

Cytosol

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12
Q

The material contained inside organelle membranes is called the…

A

Lumen

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13
Q

True or false:

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have cytosol.

A

False

Cytosol only exists in eukaryotes; however, both types contain cytoplasm.

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14
Q

The largest and most visible organelle is usually the…

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

The inner and outer membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytosol is called the…

A

Nuclear envelope

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16
Q

Large openings in the nuclear envelope that enable proteins and RNA to cross are called…

A

Nuclear pores

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17
Q

The area of the nucleus that synthesizes RNA for ribosomes is called the…

A

Nucleolus

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18
Q

List the two main functions of the nucleus.

A
  1. Protects DNA from damage
  2. Separates RNA production from protein production
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19
Q

The organelle made up of a network of membrane and a continuous lumen is the…

A

Endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)

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20
Q

List the three major functions of the ER.

A
  1. Protein and lipid production
  2. Calcium ion storage
  3. Detoxification
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21
Q

The portion of the ER that has ribosomes on the cytosol surface is called the…

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

The main function of the rough ER is…

A

Protein synthesis

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23
Q

The portion of the ER that has no ribosomes is called the…

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

The main functions of the smooth ER are…

A

Lipid synthesis and detoxification reactions

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25
Q

Materials produced in the ER are transported to other areas of the cell using…

A

Vesicles

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26
Q

The organelle made of a polarized stack of flat membranes is called the…

A

Golgi Apparatus

27
Q

List the two main functions of the Golgi apparatus.

A
  1. Modification of proteins and lipids
  2. Sorting of proteins and lipids
28
Q

Vesicles arrive at the ____ face of the Golgi apparatus.

A

Cis/entry

29
Q

Material exits the Golgi apparatus at the ____ face.

A

Trans/exit

30
Q

The process by which materials travel from the ER to the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane is called…

A

Exocytosis

31
Q

List three destinations for materials after it leaves the Golgi apparatus.

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Lysosomes
  3. Extracellular environment
32
Q

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down molecules are called…

A

Lysosomes

33
Q

The main function of lysosomes is to…

A

Degrade and digest old or damaged organelles

34
Q

A critical component in a lysosome’s ability to digest materials is its…

A

Very acidic interior pH

35
Q

Organelles that enclose potentially harmful enzymatic reactions are called…

A

Peroxisomes

36
Q

A storage and digestion organelle unique to plant and fungal cells is called the…

A

Vacuoles

37
Q

In plants, the most critical function of the large vacuole is to…

A

Maintain the water balance in the cell

38
Q

List the four main functions of vacuoles.

A
  1. Maintain water balance
  2. Store small molecules
  3. Store waste
  4. Degrade macromolecules
39
Q

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts came from bacteria consumed by early cells is called…

A

Endosymbiosis

40
Q

Unlike other organelles, mitochondria and chloroplasts…

A
  1. Have their own circular DNA
  2. Have their own ribosomes
  3. Divide within the cell
41
Q

The organelle that makes ATP from sugars is the…

A

Mitochondria

42
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce by…

A

Binary fission

43
Q

The organelle unique to plants and other photosynthetic organisms that uses light to produce ATP and sugars is the…

A

Chloroplasts

44
Q

Mitochondria have ____ membranes.

A

Two

45
Q

Chloroplasts have ____ membranes.

A

Three

46
Q

Eukaryotic cells have a complex and dynamic…

A

Cytoskeleton

47
Q

List the three main types of cytoskeletal filaments.

A
  1. Actin filaments
  2. Microtubules
  3. Intermediate filaments
48
Q

Actin filaments are ____ and are made from ____.

A

Globular; actin monomers

49
Q

Microtubules are ____ and are made from ____.

A

Globular; tubulin dipolymers

50
Q

Intermediate filaments are ____ and are made from ____.

A

Fibrous; various monomers

51
Q

List the three major roles of actin filaments.

A
  1. Muscle contraction
  2. Cell crawling
  3. Influences cell shape
52
Q

List the three main functions of microtubules.

A
  1. Help cells organize and divide
  2. Form the network used by vesicles to transport materials
  3. Exist on the outside of the cell as cilia or flagella
53
Q

True or false:

Eukaryotic flagella and prokaryotic flagella are very similar.

A

False

Eukaryotic flagella are very different from other types of flagella.

54
Q

Microtubule movement is driven by…

A

Motor proteins

55
Q

List some structures that are moved by motor proteins.

(four)

A
  1. Cilia
  2. Flagella
  3. Vesicles
  4. Neurotransmitters
56
Q

What is the main function of intermediate filaments?

A

Support and protect the cell

57
Q

Eukaryotes secrete materials that create a(n) ____, which provides support from outside the membrane.

A

Extracellular matrix

58
Q

Extracellular matrices are primarily composed of…

A

Proteins and carbohydrates

59
Q

Extracellular matrices are generally ____ in nature.

A

Fibrous

60
Q

Plant and fungal cells use ____ for extracellular protection and support.

A

Cell walls

61
Q

True or false:

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes have distinct cell walls.

A

True

62
Q

In plant cells, the cell wall is mostly composed of…

A

Cellulose

63
Q

In fungal cells, the cell wall is mostly composed of…

A

Chitin

BIOL 1105 (9 decks)

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