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BIOL 1105 > 4: Biological Macromolecules > Flashcards

4: Biological Macromolecules Flashcards

Module 1, Lesson 4

1
Q

A cell is about ____% water and ____% macromolecules.

A

70% ; 26%

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2
Q

Most macromolecules in a cell are…

A

Proteins

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3
Q

Which element makes up the framework for biological molecules?

A

Carbon

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4
Q

Which elements do carbon atoms form chemical bonds with?

(six)

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Hydrogen
  3. Oxygen
  4. Nitrogen
  5. Phosphate
  6. Sulfur
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5
Q

List the seven major types of functional groups.

A
  1. Hydroxyl
  2. Carbonyl
  3. Carboxyl
  4. Amino
  5. Sulfhydryl
  6. Methyl
  7. Phosphate
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6
Q

Sulfhydryl groups are only found in…

A

Proteins

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7
Q

Methyl groups are only found in…

A

Proteins

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8
Q

Phosphate groups are only found in…

A

Nucleic acids

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9
Q

Which functional groups do carbohydrates contain?

(two)

A

Hydroxyl and carbonyl

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10
Q

Which functional groups do proteins contain?

(five)

A
  1. Hydroxyl
  2. Carboxyl
  3. Amino
  4. Sulfhydryl
  5. Methyl
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11
Q

Which functional groups do lipids contain?

(two)

A

Hydroxyl and carboxyl

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12
Q

Which functional groups do nucleic acids contain?

(four)

A
  1. Hydroxyl
  2. Carbonyl
  3. Amino
  4. Phosphate
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13
Q

List the four main types of biological macromolecules.

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Nucleic acids
  4. Lipids
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14
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Energy storage and structural support

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15
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Enzyme production and structural support

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16
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

Store and express genetic information

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17
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Energy storage, membrane structure, and cell communications

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18
Q

Carbohydrates are assembled from…

A

Monosaccharides

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19
Q

Proteins are assembled from…

A

Amino acids

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20
Q

Nucleic acids are assembled from…

A

Nucleotides

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21
Q

Lipids are assembled from…

A

Fatty acids

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22
Q

With the exception of lipids, biological macromolecules are often called…

A

Polymers

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23
Q

Carbohydrates contain a 1-2-1 ratio of ____, ____, and ____.

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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24
Q

Carbohydrates are sometimes referred to as…

A

“Simple sugars”

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25
Q

Monosaccharides usually contain between ____ and ____ carbons.

A

3 - 6

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26
Q

Linear molecules that can form a ring shape in solution are called…

A

Monosaccharides

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27
Q

In monosaccharides, covalent bonds are formed between the ____ group, ____, and ____.

A

Hydroxyl, carbon, and oxygen

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28
Q

The alpha and beta forms of monosaccharides result from…

A

Different positions of the hydroxyl group bound to a carbon atom

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29
Q

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures are termed…

A

Isomers

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30
Q

____ is a structural isomer of glucose.

A

Fructose

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31
Q

____ is a stereo isomer of glucose.

A

Galactose

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32
Q

True or false:

Cells view each isomer as a distinct sugar.

A

True

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33
Q

The covalent linking of two monosaccharides forms a…

A

Disaccharide

34
Q

Disaccharides are formed via ____ reactions.

A

Dehydration

35
Q

Large polymers assembled from mono- and disaccharides are called…

A

Polysaccharides

36
Q

List some examples of polysaccharides.

(five given)

A
  1. Amylose (starch)
  2. Amylopectin (starch)
  3. Glycogen (carbohydrate storage)
  4. Cellulose (structural)
  5. Chitin (structural)
37
Q

List the three main parts of a nucleotide.

A
  1. Phosphate group(s)
  2. Nitrogenous base
  3. Carbon ring
38
Q

In RNA, ____ is bonded to the 2-prime carbon atom.

A

Ribose

39
Q

In DNA, ____ is bonded to the 2-prime carbon atom.

A

Deoxyribose

40
Q

List the five types of nucleotide bases.

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Guanine
  3. Cytosine
  4. Thymine
  5. Uracil
41
Q

Which base is only found in DNA?

A

Thymine

42
Q

Which base is only found in RNA?

A

Uracil

43
Q

Which two nucleotide bases are purines (double-ringed molecules)?

A

Adenine and guanine

44
Q

Which three nucleotide bases are pyrimidines (single-ringed molecules)?

A

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil

45
Q

Nucleotides link to form nucleic acids using covalent ____ bonds.

A

Phosphodiester

46
Q

True or false:

Each end of an assembled nucleic acid is the same.

A

False

Nucleic acids are directional polymers, meaning that each end is different.

47
Q

The information in a nucleic acid is read starting from the…

A

5-prime carbon

48
Q

Nucleic acids contain a ____ backbone.

A

sugar-phosphate

49
Q

Which bases form complementary pairs in DNA molecules?

A

Adenine and Thymine
Cytosine and Guanine

50
Q

DNA contains two strands that twist into a…

A

Double helix

51
Q

The two DNA strands run ____ to each other

A

Antiparallel

52
Q

Unlike DNA, RNA molecules have ____ strand(s).

A

One

53
Q

The energy currency of the cell is…

A

Adenine triphosphate
(ATP)

54
Q

____ is used to drive energetically unfavorable reactions in cells.

A

ATP

55
Q

List the four major functions of proteins.

A
  1. Enzyme production
  2. Movement
  3. Structural support
  4. Defense
56
Q

There are ____ named amino acids.

A

20

57
Q

Amino acids are distinguished by their unique…

A

R group

58
Q

Amino acids contain a(n) ____ group and an acidic ____ group.

A

Amino ; carboxyl

59
Q

There are ____ polar amino acids and ____ nonpolar amino acids.

A

Ten ; ten

60
Q

At neutral pH, out of the ten polar amino acids, ____ have no charge, ____ have a negative charge, and ____ have a positive charge.

A

Five have no charge
Two are negatively charged
Three are positively charged

61
Q

Amino acids assemble using ____ bonds.

A

Peptide

62
Q

Covalent bonds created using a dehydration reaction are termed…

A

Peptide bonds

63
Q

True or false:

The formation of peptide bonds occurs spontaneously.

A

False

The reaction must be catalyzed by ribosomes in the cell.

64
Q

The end of a peptide that has a hydrogen exposed is called the…

A

Amino terminus or n-terminus

65
Q

The end of a peptide that has a carboxyl group exposed is termed the…

A

Carboxyl terminus or c-terminus

66
Q

True or false:

Peptides are directional and linear.

A

True

67
Q

A peptide that contains more than ten amino acids is called a…

A

Polypeptide chain

68
Q

True or false:

Every protein has a unqiue amino acid sequence.

A

True

69
Q

A protein’s amino acid sequence is its…

A

Primary structure

70
Q

A protein’s “function” refers to…

A

Whether or not it is active

71
Q

In order to form a functional protein, polypeptides must…

A

Fold into a 3D structure

72
Q

The structure of a protein that depends on noncovalent hydrogen bonds between nearby amino acids is its…

A

Secondary structure

73
Q

List the two main types of a secondary structure.

A

Alpha helix (cylindrical)
Beta sheet (flat)

74
Q

The structure of a protein that depends on interactions between distant amino acids is its…

A

Tertiary structure

75
Q

Hydrophobic interactions are important to a protein’s…

A

Tertiary structure

76
Q

True or false:

Some proteins are functional after their tertiary structure is formed.

A

True

77
Q

The association of two or more polypeptides that may not be active by themselves forms a protein’s…

A

Quarternary structure

78
Q

The process by which a protein unfolds and deactivates is called…

A

Denaturation

79
Q

List three of the possible causes of denaturation.

A
  1. Change in pH
  2. Change in temperature
  3. Change in ionic concentration
80
Q

The process by which a protein may refold if the proper environment is restored is called…

A

Renaturation

BIOL 1105 (22 decks)

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