Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 1105 > 19: Genomics > Flashcards

19: Genomics Flashcards

Module 4, Lesson 2

1
Q

Early efforts in genomics focused on ____ and ____ genes.

A

Isolating and sequencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The complete human genome was sequenced by….

A

2003

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Genomics integrates ____ and ____ genetics to better understand genes.

A

Classical and molecular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List four methods of genomics.

A
  1. Mapping genomes
  2. Sequencing genomes
  3. Genome annotation
  4. Genome analysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or false:

Like regular maps, genome maps can be high or low resolution.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List the two main types of genome maps.

A
  1. Genetic maps
  2. Physical maps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

____ are derived from recombination frequency and linkage analysis.

A

Genetic maps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Genetic maps provide the ____ location of genes.

A

Relative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

____ feature nucleotide-level resolution.

A

Physical maps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Physical maps show the ____ location of genes.

A

Precise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List two types of “landmarks” that can be used as markers in the DNA sequence.

A
  1. Enzyme cutting sites
  2. Small segments of DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Physical maps show the ____ location of a marker.

A

Absolute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

On ____ maps, the distance between markers is measured in base-pairs (bp) or kilobase-pair (Kb).

A

Physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

____ map the location of restriction enzyme cut sites.

A

Restriction maps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

____ are used by researchers to study entire chromosomes or genes that can move between chromosomes.

A

Chromosome maps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

____ maps use staining techniques to identify regions of interest.

A

Chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A major advantage of chromosome maps is that they…

A

Enable researchers to view large pieces of DNA at a glance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

____ maps combine high resolution with the ability to view large pieces of DNA at once.

A

Sequence-tagged site
(STS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A small stretch of DNA found in only one location on the genome that is then amplified using PCR is called a…

A

Sequence-tagged site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Researchers use the presence or absence of STS to organize fragments into…

A

A continuous sequence
(contig)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The highest resolution physical map is a…

A

Base-pair sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What three things do all sequencing methods rely on?

A
  1. PCR
  2. Electrophoresis
  3. Chain-terminating nucleotides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) are an example of…

A

Chain-terminating nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

ddNTPs are different from normal nucleotides in that they…

A

Lack a 3’ OH group, which prevents additional bases from being added to the chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

____ allow DNA to be sequenced over a series of several reactions.

A

Manual sequencing reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

True or false:

A ddNTP can have any of the four nucleotide bases (A,C,T,G).

A

True

30
Q

Manual sequencing reactions were developed by…

A

Fred Sanger

31
Q

Dideoxy sequencing is a(n) ____ form of DNA sequencing.

A

Automated

32
Q

List the main steps of dideoxy sequencing.

(five)

A
  1. Begin with strand of unknown sequence
  2. Subject strand to PCR
  3. Incorporate ddNTPs
  4. Separate synthesized fragments via electrophoresis
  5. Use laser and photodetector to identify bases
33
Q

During automated DNA sequencing, ddNTPs are labeled…

A

With a different flourescent marker depending on whether they are A, C, T, or G

34
Q

True or false:

When DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA, it randomly incorporates one of the ddNTPs.

A

True

35
Q

The smallest DNA fragments produced in PCR correspond to the ____ end of the molecule.

A

5’

36
Q

____ is a form of sequencing that is faster, cheaper, and capable of sequencing large DNA fragments at once.

A

Next-generation sequencing

37
Q

List the main steps of next-gen sequencing.

(four)

A
  1. Large strand of DNA is fragmented
  2. Single-stranded DNA fragments are attached to a solid surface
  3. Multiple copies are created using PCR
  4. DNA polymerase incorporates nucleotides
38
Q

Why does next-gen sequencing create multiple copies of the DNA fragment?

A

It ensures accuracy in sequencing

39
Q

Next-gen sequencing uses a ____ to begin DNA synthesis,

A

Universal primer

40
Q

Next-gen sequencing uses special nucleotides to…

A

Terminate DNA synthesis

41
Q

True or false:

Unlike automated sequencing, next-gen sequencing does not use flourescent markers.

A

False

Both use flourescent markers and lasers to identify bases.

42
Q

The chain-terminating nucleotides used in next-gen sequencing are…

A

Reversible
(can be changed back into normal nucleotides)

43
Q

Why is it important that the chain-terminating nucleotides are reversible?

A

It allows each DNA fragment to be sequenced multiple times, with new chain-terminating nucleotides being added each time

44
Q

After sequencing, gene fragments must be…

A

Assembled into complete sequences

45
Q

True or false:

Most genomes can be sequenced in a single step.

A

False

Most are too large for this to happen.

46
Q

Gene fragments are assembled into a contig by…

A

Matching overlapping sequences

47
Q

In the ____ method, a genome is broken down into large pieces of DNA called clones.

A

Clone-contig

48
Q

List the steps of the clone-contig method.

(three)

A
  1. Genome is broken down into clones
  2. Clones are arranged using STS landmarks
  3. Clones are broken down into smaller fragments for sequencing
49
Q

In the clone-contig method, after the small fragments are sequenced, they are used to make…

A

Clone sequences

50
Q

Clone sequences are combined to make a…

A

Larger contigous segment
(contig)

51
Q

The ____ method does not rely on any genetic or physical maps.

A

Shotgun

52
Q

In the shotgun method, the entire genome is…

A

Broken into more manageable fragments for sequencing

53
Q

The shotgun method uses computers to…

A

Reassemble fragments using overlap between nucleotide regions

54
Q

True or false:

Both the clone-contig method and the shotgun method are often used to sequence a single genome.

A

True

55
Q

The human genome project used ____, ____, and ____ as sequencing methods.

A

Genetic maps, clone-contig, and shotgun

56
Q

The human genome project found that the human genome contains around ____ genes.

A

20,000

57
Q

True or false:

Organismal complexity is not merely a function of genome size or gene number.

A

True

58
Q

____ is used to assign information about DNA sequences.

A

Genome annotation

59
Q

DNA sequences and their annotations can often be found in…

A

Online databases

60
Q

A potential gene sequence, such as a start codon + amino acids + stop codon is called a(n)…

A

Open reading frame
(ORF)

61
Q

Databases of gene sequences can be updated as…

A

New information about gene functions are discovered

62
Q

DNA sequences that produce protein or are transcribed into functional RNAs are called…

A

Coding sequences

63
Q

Up to ____% of the DNA in the human genome may be non-coding.

A

99

64
Q

DNA sequences that do not code for proteins or functional molecules are called…

A

Non-coding DNA

65
Q

List the seven categories of non-coding DNA.

A
  1. Introns
  2. Segmental duplications
  3. Pseudogenes
  4. Structural DNA
  5. Simple sequence repeats
  6. Transposable elements
  7. Noncoding RNA
66
Q

____ are noncoding DNA segments that make up the majority of a human gene.

A

Introns

67
Q

____ are regions of the genome that have been duplicated.

A

Segmental duplications

68
Q

____ are sequences with characteristics of genes but that are not functional genes.

A

Pseudogenes

69
Q

Pseudogenes are also sometimes called…

A

Inactive genes

70
Q

____ is constitutive heterochromatin located near the centromeres and telomeres.

A

Structural DNA

71
Q

____ are stuttering repeats of a few nucleotides, repeated thousands of times.

A

Simple sequence repeats

72
Q

____ are a diverse group of DNA sequences that can move from one chromosome to another.

A

Transposable elements

73
Q

Transposable elements are also sometimes called…

A

“Jumping genes”

74
Q

True or false:

Transposable elements often copy themselves as they move.

A

True

75
Q

List the four categories of transposable elements.

A
  1. Long interspersed elements
  2. Short interspersed elements
  3. Retrotransposons
  4. DNA transposon fossils

BIOL 1105 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions