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M12 Anatomy and Physiology > Final Exam Prep > Flashcards

Final Exam Prep Flashcards

1
Q

The two portions of the male urethra are the

A

pelvic and penile portions

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2
Q

Another name for the capsule of the testis is the

A

tunica albuginea

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3
Q

_____ found on bighorn sheep, bison, and many other bovine, are two-part structures. An interior of bone (also an extension of the skull) is covered by an exterior sheath grown by specialized hair follicles, as are your fingernails. With most animals they never shed and continue to grow throughout the animals life

A

Horns

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4
Q

The corpus luteum produces which hormone that is necessary for pregnancy to be maintained if fertilization takes place

A

progesterone

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5
Q

The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs across

A

two layers of simple squamus epithelium

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6
Q

Internal constancy of the body

A

homeostasis

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7
Q

Which species of animal has an os penis

A

canine

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8
Q

Glands that release their secretions through ducts

A

exocrine

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9
Q

Which species is an induced ovulator

A

feline

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10
Q

Which animals don’t have seminal vesicles

A

dogs and cats

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11
Q

The vas deferens is a continuation of the

A

tail of the epididymis

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12
Q

What two structures does the vas deferens connect

A

urethra and epididymis

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13
Q

The cervix is located between the

A

uterine body and the vagina

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14
Q

If no pregnancy begins during an estrous cycle, when does the corpus luteum degenerate

A

late diestrus

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15
Q

_____ a directional term meaning toward the tip of the nose

A

rostral

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16
Q

The xyphoid process is found

A

at the caudal end of the sternum

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17
Q

The maturation and storage site for the immature spermatozoa is the

A

epididymis

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18
Q

If the diploid chromosome number of an animal is 38 (cat), what is the diploid number of its offspring

A

38

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19
Q

The corpus hemorrhagicum is formed under the influence of

A

LH

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20
Q

_______ the outer covering of the body, consisting of the skin and all of its related components, such as nails, hair, hooves and horns

A

integument

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21
Q

Inside a mature follicle an oocyte sits on a mound of cells called the

A

cumulus oophorus

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22
Q

The usual site for fertilization of a mature female gamete by a mature male gamete is in the

A

oviduct

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23
Q

A uniparous animal

A

Gives birth to one offspring per pregnancy

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24
Q

On average, how often are oocytes replaced in the ovaries

A

never

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25
Q

The male gonads are the

A

testes

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26
Q

The primary endocrine cells of the testes are the

A

interstitial cells

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27
Q

One of the typical signs of a Sertoli cell tumor may be

A

gynecomastia

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28
Q

The tube that receives the penis during breeding is the

A

vagina

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29
Q

The thin membrane that is tightly adhered to each testis and the structures of the spermatic cord is the

A

visceral vaginal tunic

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30
Q

The navicular bone is another name for the_____ bone in horses

A

distal sesamoid

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31
Q

Splint bones in horses are

A

vestigal metacarpal bones

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32
Q

What structure adjusts the position of the testes relative to the body according to the environmental temperature

A

cremaster muscle

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33
Q

The coffin bone in horses is the

A

distal phalanx

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34
Q

The nasal septum separates

A

the left nasal passage from the right nasal passage

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35
Q

What type of tooth grows continually throughout the life of an animal

A

aradicular hypsodont teeth

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36
Q

The scrotum is a

A

sac of skin

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37
Q

Cowper’s glands are another name for the

A

bulbourethral gland

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38
Q

Which animal is diestrous

A

female canine

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39
Q

The full diploid chromosome makeup of a male animal is

A

2n, XY

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40
Q

The rising level of which hormone induces spontaneous ovulation

A

LH

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41
Q

Which hormone produced by the ovary prepares the uterus for implantation and pregnancy

A

progesterone

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42
Q

the opening to the larynx is called the

A

glottis

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43
Q

the sigmoid flexure of the penis is characteristic of all the animals below except the

A

stallion

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44
Q

Most of the volume of a mature follicle is made up of the fluid-filled

A

antrum

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45
Q

The female reproductive organs are suspended from the dorsal part of the abdominal wall by the

A

broad ligaments

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46
Q

If the CO2 level in blood rises above a preset limit, how will the respiratory center adjust the breathing to compensate

A

increase rate and depth of respiration

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47
Q

the thickest layer of the uterus is made up of

A

smooth muscle

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48
Q

the only accessory reproductive gland in canines is the

A

prostate gland

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49
Q

Where is the nucleus of the spermatozoa located

A

head

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50
Q

The bands that attach the penis to the pelvis are the

A

crura

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51
Q

The species of animals that “tie” after the male has ejaculated is the

A

canine

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52
Q

Spermatogenesis takes place in the

A

seminiferous tubules

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53
Q

The majority of the volume of semen is composed of

A

alkaline secretions from accessory reproductive glands

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54
Q

Which hormone stimulates the primary endocrine cells of the testes

A

LH

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55
Q

Which part of the spermatozoa contains digestive enzymes

A

acrosome

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56
Q

Meiosis occurs

A

only in reproductive cells

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57
Q

During which stage of the estrous cycle do estrogen levels reach their peak

A

estrus

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58
Q

The female gametes are

A

ova

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59
Q

The septa from the __ extend into the soft tissue of the testis, dividing each testis into tiny lobules

A

tunica albuginea

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60
Q

The nurse cells to young spermatids are the

A

sertoli cells

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61
Q

Which hormone produced by the ovary is responsible for preparing a female for breeding and pregnancy

A

estrogren

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62
Q

In which species will you find an os penis

A

canine

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63
Q

In the dog, the cytology of the epithelial lining of the __ can be utilized to determine the most effective time to breed a female canine

A

vagina

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64
Q

Which accessory reproductive gland secretes a mucinous fluid that lubricates the urethra for passage of semen

A

bulbourethral gland

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65
Q

If the diploid chromosome number for an animal is 44 (rabbit), what is the haploid number of its gametes

A

22

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66
Q

Glands that release their secretions through ducts

A

exocrine

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67
Q

In species that don’t deposit semen directly into the uterus where does ejaculation deposit the semen

A

upper portion of the vagina

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68
Q

Capacitation is the term for

A

the changes spermatozoa undergo in the female reproductive tract

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69
Q

Humans and _____ have approximately the same period of pregnancy, 9 months

A

cattle

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70
Q

Intromission

A

insertion of a penis into the vagina

71
Q

Another name for a difficult birth

A

dystocia

72
Q

Where does milk accumulate when milk letdown has occurred

A

gland sinus and teat sinus

73
Q

The acrosome of the spermatozoa contains

A

digestive enzymes

74
Q

The rapid mitosis the occurs while the fertilized ovum is moving toward the uterus is

A

cleavage

75
Q

When during pregnancy do body tissues, organs, and systems develop

A

during the second trimester of pregnancy

76
Q

How many quarters of a bovine udder share one milk-secreting system

A

none

77
Q

Which type of placental attachment is seen in cattle and sheep

A

cotyledonary

78
Q

What three compounds must interact to begin uterine contractions

A

estrogen, oxytocin, prostaglandin F2-alpha

79
Q

The milk-secreting units of the mammary gland are the

A

alveoli

80
Q

Which species of animal has mammary glands only in the inguinal region

A

equine

81
Q

There is often a normal short delay between when a newborn starts nursing and when milk starts freely flowing from the teat because of a delay in the action of

A

oxytocin

82
Q

Which type of placental attachment is seen in pigs and horses

A

diffuse

83
Q

the period of pregnancy for dogs and cats is approximately

A

2 months

84
Q

Rabbit gestation period

A

1 month

85
Q

Hamster gestation

A

3 weeks

86
Q

Sheep gestation

A

5 months

87
Q

In addition to the corona radiata, a spermatozoon must also pass through the __, a thick gel that surrounds the ovum, to fertilize the ovum

A

zona pellucida

88
Q

Sexual stimuli in the male results from high levels of _____ in the female

A

estrogen

89
Q

A plancentome consists of an area on the surface of the placenta called the

A

cotyledon

90
Q

lactaction begins

A

towards the end of the third trimester of pregnancy

91
Q

Most of the hormones from the __ are involved in some way with mammary gland growth and development

A

anterior pituitary gland

92
Q

The acrosome of the spermatozoa is found

A

covering the head of the spermatozoa

93
Q

The difference between milk and colostrum is that colostrum has

A

a higher level of antibodies

94
Q

A pronucleus has a

A

haploid chromosome number

95
Q

The multilayered, fluid-filled, membranous sac that develops around an embryo is the

A

placenta

96
Q

A placentome consists of an area on the lining of the uterus called the

A

caruncle

97
Q

The blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to the developing fetus is the

A

umbilical vein

98
Q

How many placental sacs surround a fetus during its development

A

2

99
Q

During what stage of labor is the fetus delivered

A

second stage

100
Q

In order for passive immunity to be transferred from mother to offspring, the newborn must have colostrum within

A

a few hours after birth

101
Q

Copulation results in the release of_____ a hormone, from the posterior pituitary gland

A

oxytocin

102
Q

The streak canal connects the_____ to the outside

A

teat sinus

103
Q

When does an embryo become a fetus

A

during the second trimester of pregnancy

104
Q

Which type of placental attachment is seen in dogs and cats

A

zonary

105
Q

The return of the uterus to its nonpregnant size after giving birth is called_____ of the uterus

A

involution

106
Q

The part of the placenta that attaches to the uterus is the

A

chorion

107
Q

As soon as an ovum is fertilized it is called a

A

zygote

108
Q

The umbilical cord connects the

A

fetus to the placenta

109
Q

What is the maximum number of spermatozoa that can enter an ovum to fertilize the ovum?

A

1

110
Q

Spermatozoa are transported to the oviducts in just minutes due primarily to

A

uterine contractions

111
Q

What stage of zygote development implants in the uterus?

A

blastocyst

112
Q

Which two species deposit semen directly into the uterus during ejaculation

A

equine and porcine

113
Q

Lactation is started under the influence of

A

prolactin, growth hormone, and adrenal cortex hormones

114
Q

Implantation occurs in the _____ of the uterus

A

endometrium

115
Q

Which type of placental attachment is most likely to give rise to a retained placenta

A

cotyledonary

116
Q

During what stage of labor is the placenta delivered

A

third stage

117
Q

An embryotomy is performed on a/an

A

dead fetusG

118
Q

How long does the passive immunity a newborn receives from its mother last

A

unknown

119
Q

Which membrane of the placenta forms a sac immediately around the fetus

A

amnion

120
Q

An erect penis has

A

more blood entering erectile tissue from arteries than leaving through veins

121
Q

During what stage of labor do the placental sacs rupture

A

second stage

122
Q

During what stage of labor does the cervix relax

A

first stage

123
Q

Which stage of labor is characterized by strong uterine and abdominal muscle contractions

A

second stage

124
Q

The urachus carries fluid from the fetal urinary bladder to the

A

allantoic sac

125
Q

Which type of placental attachment is characterized by attachment sites called placentomes

A

cotyledonary

126
Q

One of the typical clinical signs of a Sertoli cell tumor may be

A

gynecomastia

127
Q

The granulosa cells in a developing follicle

A

produce estrogen

128
Q

What species of animal has short spines covering the glans of the penis?

A

feline

129
Q

The female gonads are the

A

ovaries

130
Q

The majority of the volume of semen is composed of

A

alkaline secretions from accessory reproductive glands

131
Q

The tail of the spermatozoa is used for

A

propulsion

132
Q

Many sensory nerve endings are found in the _____ of the penis

A

glans

133
Q

In which animal is the right kidney more heart shaped than bean shaped

A

horse

134
Q

Phonation in an animal begins in the

A

larynx

135
Q

Two fibrous connective tissue bands attached to the arytenoid cartilages that stretch across the lumen of the larynx and vibrate as air passes over them.

A

vocal cords

136
Q

Subdivision of the lung

A

lobe

137
Q

The main expiratory muscles are the

A

internal intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles

138
Q

______ is a soft rubber or plastic tube that is passed through the larynx and into the trachea to establish an open airway

A

endotracheal

139
Q

The upper respiratory tract includes all structures

A

outside the lungs

140
Q

The largest air passageways in the lungs

A

bronchi

141
Q

The most rostral of the laryngeal cartilages. It projects forward from the ventral portion of the larynx and its bluntly pointed tip usually tucks up behind the caudal rim of the soft palate when an animal is breathing

A

eipglottis

142
Q

The space between each tracheal ring is composed of

A

smooth muscle

143
Q

The process of drawing air into the lungs

A

inspiration

144
Q

The hilus is found

A

on the medial surface of each lung

145
Q

The acceptable range of pH in most animals is

A

7.35-7.45

146
Q

The_______cartilage helps form the support of the caudal portion of the larynx

A

cricoid

147
Q

The nasopharynx sits ______ to the oropharynx in a standing animal

A

dorsal

148
Q

The opening into the larynx

A

glottis

149
Q

If an animal breathes in 500 milliliters with each resting breath and takes 15 breaths per minute, how many liters has the animal inspired and expired in 1 minute

A

7.5

150
Q

The trachea splits into two bronchi at the

A

bifurcation

151
Q

In a relaxed shape the diaphragm assumes a dome shape with

A

the convex surface facing in a cranial direction

152
Q

Which of these species is most prone to asthma attacks

A

feline

153
Q

The flow of oxygen from inspired air into an alveolar capillary is dependent on the

A

PO2 in the alveoli being higher than the PO2 in the capillary

154
Q

Tracheal collapse is often seen

A

with inspiratory dyspnea

155
Q

The tracheal rings are composed of

A

hyaline cartilage

156
Q

The unconscious act of breathing is controlled by the respiratory center in the

A

brainstem

157
Q

When the external intercostal muscles contract, they rotate the ribs

A

upward and forward

158
Q

The three main condition functions of the nasal passages are

A

warming, humidifying, and filtering air

159
Q

Microscopic thin walled sac surrounded by a network of capillaries in the lungs

A

alveolus

160
Q

Spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm accompanied by sudden closure of the glottis

A

hiccups

161
Q

How are the lungs of a pig divided

A

Three left lobes, four right lobes

162
Q

Two of the cartilages of the larynx forming the boundaries of the opening into the larynx

A

arytenoid cartilages

163
Q

The voice box

A

larynx

164
Q

The thin, dome-shaped sheet of muscle that forms the boundary between the thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

diaphragm

165
Q

The vocal cords are composed of

A

fibrous connective tissue

166
Q

A component of the fluid that lines the alveoli in the lungs helping to reduce the surface tension of that fluid which helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing shut as air moves in and out during breathing

A

surfactant

167
Q

The position of the esophagus in relation to the trachea as it travels down the neck is

A

to the left of the trachea

168
Q

Antitussives are best used to treat a

A

nonproductive cough

169
Q

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood in the capillaries all over the body and the cells and tissues of the body

A

internal respiration

170
Q

Which thoracic structure would you find outside the mediastinum

A

lungs

171
Q

The ciliated epithelium that lines the trachea has a layer of_____on top of it to trap foreign debris

A

mucus

172
Q

A nasal meatus is created by the

A

turbinates

173
Q

Sinuses are outpouchings of the

A

nasal passages

M12 Anatomy and Physiology (24 decks)

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