Exam 3 Prep Flashcards
nasal meatus
distinct air passages of the lateral nasal cavity located inferior to each nasal conchae
tracheal ring
composed of hyaline cartilage. C-shaped and support the trachea
the flow of oxygen from inspired air into an alveolar capillary is dependent on the
PO2 in the alveoli being higher than the PO2 in the capillary.
Why is blood entering the heart dark red
because of the low oxygen and high carbon dioxide content
Layers of the heart
epicardium- outer
myocardium- heart muscle
endocardium- inner
Chordae tendineae
strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles. These are attached to the leaflets on to the ventricular side and prevent the cusps from swinging back into the atrial cavity during systole.
one way valve blood vessels
veins
systolic blood pressure
measures pressure in the arteries when the heart beats
diastolic blood pressure
measures pressure in the arteries when the heart rests inbetween beats
mediastinum
where the heart is located inbetween the two lungs
muscle of heart
myocardium. Striated, involuntary cardiac.
muscle of blood vessels
smooth muscle cells
cardiac output is measured by
electromyography (EMG)
Checking pulse on a cat
chest behind left front leg. or femoral artery in hind leg
arterioles
a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries
venule
a very small vein that collects blood from the capillaries
Sounds of the heart and abnormal sounds
normal - lub dub. Lub- close valves. Dub- open valves
abnormal- heart murmer/ whooshing/swishing
Where does the impulse of the heart start
pacemaker- right atrium sinoatrial node (SA node)
apex of the heart
the pointed end that is located more ventrally tilted. Helps pump out blood through ventricles
Functions of each heart chamber
Right atrium- receives blood low in oxygen from the body and then empties the blood into the right ventricle.
Left atrium- receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle.
Right ventricle- pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs
Left ventricle- forces oxygenated blood through the aortic valve to be distributed to the entire body
Where does pulmonary circulation start and end
start- right atrium
ends- left atrium
Are the pulmonary artery branches high in oxygen or carbon dioxide?
low in oxygen, high in carbon dioxide
Venipuncture in all species can take place where
jugular vein
Where is the pulse on a horse taken
mandibular artery under the jaw
autorhythmic muscle
specialized cardiac muscle cells that generate an action (gets the heart pumping) without external stimulation by nerve cells
what are the bypasses in the fetal heart
foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
small intestines parts in order
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
types of teeth
carnassial
canines
molars
premolars
incisors
gases produced in rumen fermentation
methane
pancreatic duct
a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct
acute ruminal tympany
bloat, a disease of ruminant animals, characterized by an excessive volume of gas in the rumen
liver
one of the largest and most sensitive organs, particularly in mammals. It receives a major part of intestinal blood and acts to regulate the blood glucose levels. Its primary functions are metabolic: maintenance of homeostasis, glucose and lipid energy.
hindgut fermenter
Rhinos, rabbits, some rodents, koalas and horses
sphincter
a ring of muscle surrounding and serving to guard or close an opening or tube, such as the anus or the openings of the stomach.
pepsin
is an acidic protease that catalyzes the breakdown of proteins into peptides in the stomach
peristalsis
the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine that pushes food through the intestine
types of white blood cells
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes
hemoglobin
an iron-containing protein found in the blood that has an oxygen-transporting function and turns blood red.
lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels contain and transport lymph, which is collected from the tissues and organs of the body and released into large veins.
spleen
an elongated and relatively flat organ that resides in the abdomen of mammals along the outer edge of the stomach. It has a tremendous blood supply that is closely attached to the blood supply supporting the stomach. It is the largest filter of blood in the body.
cecum
a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines.
human blood types
A, B, AB, O
alveioli
any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange.
acidemia
a condition in which the hydrogen-ion concentration in the blood is increased.
differentiate the pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus
pharynx- both food and air pass through here
larynx- voice box. opens into the trachea
trachea- a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.
esophagus- connects the throat to the stomach; muscular tube lined with mucous membrane
bronchus
any of the major air passages of the lungs which diverge from the windpipe.
pleura
the serous membrane that covers the thoracic organs and lines the internal wall of the thoracic cavity. The part that covers the lungs is the pulmonary or visceral pleura. The part that lines the thoracic wall is the parietal pleura.
