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M12 Anatomy and Physiology > Exam 3 Prep > Flashcards

Exam 3 Prep Flashcards

1
Q

nasal meatus

A

distinct air passages of the lateral nasal cavity located inferior to each nasal conchae

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2
Q

tracheal ring

A

composed of hyaline cartilage. C-shaped and support the trachea

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3
Q

the flow of oxygen from inspired air into an alveolar capillary is dependent on the

A

PO2 in the alveoli being higher than the PO2 in the capillary.

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4
Q

Why is blood entering the heart dark red

A

because of the low oxygen and high carbon dioxide content

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5
Q

Layers of the heart

A

epicardium- outer
myocardium- heart muscle
endocardium- inner

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6
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles. These are attached to the leaflets on to the ventricular side and prevent the cusps from swinging back into the atrial cavity during systole.

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7
Q

one way valve blood vessels

A

veins

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8
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

measures pressure in the arteries when the heart beats

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9
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

measures pressure in the arteries when the heart rests inbetween beats

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10
Q

mediastinum

A

where the heart is located inbetween the two lungs

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11
Q

muscle of heart

A

myocardium. Striated, involuntary cardiac.

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12
Q

muscle of blood vessels

A

smooth muscle cells

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13
Q

cardiac output is measured by

A

electromyography (EMG)

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14
Q

Checking pulse on a cat

A

chest behind left front leg. or femoral artery in hind leg

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15
Q

arterioles

A

a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries

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16
Q

venule

A

a very small vein that collects blood from the capillaries

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17
Q

Sounds of the heart and abnormal sounds

A

normal - lub dub. Lub- close valves. Dub- open valves
abnormal- heart murmer/ whooshing/swishing

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18
Q

Where does the impulse of the heart start

A

pacemaker- right atrium sinoatrial node (SA node)

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19
Q

apex of the heart

A

the pointed end that is located more ventrally tilted. Helps pump out blood through ventricles

20
Q

Functions of each heart chamber

A

Right atrium- receives blood low in oxygen from the body and then empties the blood into the right ventricle.
Left atrium- receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle.
Right ventricle- pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs
Left ventricle- forces oxygenated blood through the aortic valve to be distributed to the entire body

21
Q

Where does pulmonary circulation start and end

A

start- right atrium
ends- left atrium

22
Q

Are the pulmonary artery branches high in oxygen or carbon dioxide?

A

low in oxygen, high in carbon dioxide

23
Q

Venipuncture in all species can take place where

A

jugular vein

24
Q

Where is the pulse on a horse taken

A

mandibular artery under the jaw

25
Q

autorhythmic muscle

A

specialized cardiac muscle cells that generate an action (gets the heart pumping) without external stimulation by nerve cells

26
Q

what are the bypasses in the fetal heart

A

foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

27
Q

small intestines parts in order

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

28
Q

types of teeth

A

carnassial
canines
molars
premolars
incisors

29
Q

gases produced in rumen fermentation

A

methane

30
Q

pancreatic duct

A

a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct

31
Q

acute ruminal tympany

A

bloat, a disease of ruminant animals, characterized by an excessive volume of gas in the rumen

32
Q

liver

A

one of the largest and most sensitive organs, particularly in mammals. It receives a major part of intestinal blood and acts to regulate the blood glucose levels. Its primary functions are metabolic: maintenance of homeostasis, glucose and lipid energy.

33
Q

hindgut fermenter

A

Rhinos, rabbits, some rodents, koalas and horses

34
Q

sphincter

A

a ring of muscle surrounding and serving to guard or close an opening or tube, such as the anus or the openings of the stomach.

35
Q

pepsin

A

is an acidic protease that catalyzes the breakdown of proteins into peptides in the stomach

36
Q

peristalsis

A

the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine that pushes food through the intestine

37
Q

types of white blood cells

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

38
Q

hemoglobin

A

an iron-containing protein found in the blood that has an oxygen-transporting function and turns blood red.

39
Q

lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic vessels contain and transport lymph, which is collected from the tissues and organs of the body and released into large veins.

40
Q

spleen

A

an elongated and relatively flat organ that resides in the abdomen of mammals along the outer edge of the stomach. It has a tremendous blood supply that is closely attached to the blood supply supporting the stomach. It is the largest filter of blood in the body.

41
Q

cecum

A

a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines.

42
Q

human blood types

A

A, B, AB, O

43
Q

alveioli

A

any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange.

44
Q

acidemia

A

a condition in which the hydrogen-ion concentration in the blood is increased.

45
Q

differentiate the pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus

A

pharynx- both food and air pass through here
larynx- voice box. opens into the trachea
trachea- a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.
esophagus- connects the throat to the stomach; muscular tube lined with mucous membrane

46
Q

bronchus

A

any of the major air passages of the lungs which diverge from the windpipe.

47
Q

pleura

A

the serous membrane that covers the thoracic organs and lines the internal wall of the thoracic cavity. The part that covers the lungs is the pulmonary or visceral pleura. The part that lines the thoracic wall is the parietal pleura.

M12 Anatomy and Physiology (24 decks)

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