Final Exam: Pasture Flies

Question 1

what species of fly has the greatest estimated control cost for cattle production cost

Answer 1

horn fly

Question 2

higher flies body parts

Answer 2

3 antennal segments

Question 3

major types of higher flies

Answer 3

blood feeders; liquid feeders (spongers); internal parasites (bots, grubs); wound maggots

Question 4

puparium

Answer 4

pupa of flies

Question 5

larvae

Answer 5

maggots- larvae without head capsule-internal plates only

moise or semi-aquatic habitats, decaying organic matter, feces, carrion, wounds

Question 6

horn and face flies are known as

Answer 6

pasture flies

Question 7

horn flys are what type of blood feeders?

Answer 7

obligate; piercing/sucking with a painful bite

Question 8

most important pest of pastured/rangeland cattle

Answer 8

horn fly

Question 9

what sex of horn fly feeds on blood

Answer 9

males and females - ~30 blod meals/fly/day

Question 10

main horn fly feeding sites

Answer 10

udder; back; belly

Question 11

horn fly life cycle

Answer 11

cow–>manure–>cow

Question 12

breeding site of horn fly

Answer 12

fresh cow manure

Question 13

horn fly spring emergence from pupa is when

Answer 13

march-may; as daylength gets longer adults will come out (diapause until then)

Question 14

horn flys need what in cow manure to survive?

Answer 14

bacteria

Question 15

how often do horn flies stay on host?

Answer 15

95%+ life spent on host animal; off host to change host or lay eggs; disperse at night

Question 16

reasons why horn flies are somewhat easy to treat

Answer 16

don’t have to treat all animals because they move from animal to animal
breed only in fresh cow manure so you can treat manure

Question 17

IGR

Answer 17

insect growth regulators —> manure treatment

Question 18

past (1892) horn fly control in KY

Answer 18

pyrethrins powders; finely ground tabacco; whale oil

Question 19

horn fly control systems

Answer 19

dust bag; ear tag; pour on; iGR mineral; supplement; oiler; spray; walk thru fly trap

Question 20

vaccine for horn fly control

Answer 20

flyvax; cause blood to coagulate faster

Question 21

horn fly expectations on #’s per animal

Answer 21

~100 per animal in acceptable

Question 22

face flys are what kind of feeders

Answer 22

liquid

Question 23

face fly hosts

Answer 23

cattle, horses

Question 24

face fly life cycle

Answer 24

face–> manure
needs fresh manure
eggs–>pupae–> larvae–> adults

Question 25

face fly breeding sites

Answer 25

fresh cow manure - bacteria pupate in soil beneath manure need moisture; rainfall important

Question 26

where do face flies spend winter and in what stage

Answer 26

adults; stay in protective places hidden; reproductive diapause

Question 27

how much time do face flies spend on hosts

Answer 27

~5% of time on hosts; usually stay near host - rest on trees and vegetation and structures at night and most of day

Question 28

how do face flies feed?

Answer 28

sponging mouthparts with microscopic rasping teeth - causes tear flow from eyes mostly female protein from mucus, saliva, and tears

Question 29

life span of face flies

Answer 29

10 days

Question 30

major impacts of face flies

Answer 30

annoyance; shift to night grazing; vector of pinkeye and eyeworm

Question 31

pinkeye

Answer 31

direct contact transmission from wings and legs of face flies up to 3 days after exposure

Question 32

pinkeye symptoms

Answer 32

swelling and redness of eyes, excess tearing, occasional severe ulceration, blindness

Question 33

pinkeye impact

Answer 33

2nd to scours as most prevalent condition affecting born unweaned calves >3wks old and breeding beef females

Question 34

***factors affecting pinkeye

Answer 34

1. eye irritation - excessive UV light, face fly, plant material, and dust 2. lack of pigmentation around eye allows increased UV radiation - inflammation, infection 3. Flies - irritant and vector 4. plant material - grasses, pollen, brush - mechanical irritants

Question 35

managing pinkeye

Answer 35

fly control, vegetation control, shade, immunization, select for eyelid pigment, hay feeding management

Question 36

eyeworms transmission

Answer 36

nematode larvae in eye secretions picked up by feeding flies infective larvae deposited about 1 wk later

Question 37

treating face flies

Answer 37

if 10+ flies/face | dust bags, ear tags

Question 38

why is face fly control so difficult?

Answer 38

increasing population during season; short time on animal; re-infestation from nearby herd

Question 39

horn fly vs face fly: breeding site

Answer 39

Horn: very fresh cow manure - 10 min Face: fresh cow manure - 1-2 hrs

Question 40

horn fly vs face fly: time ON animals

Answer 40

Horn: 95%+ Face: 5%

Question 41

horn fly vs face fly: % population on animals

Answer 41

Horn: 95 Face: 20

Question 42

horn fly vs face fly: migration distance

Answer 42

Horn: 1-5 mi Face: ~7 mi

Question 43

horn fly vs face fly: adult food

Answer 43

Horn: blood face: tears, mucous, wound ooze

Question 44

horn fly vs face fly: impact

Answer 44

Horn: defensive behavior, stress, lower weaning weights, low milk production, hide damage face: pinkeye, treatment time and effort

Question 45

horn fly vs face fly: disease potential

Answer 45

Horn: blood BORNE ANAPLASMOSIS, summer mastitis face: pinkeye (3-4d) eyeworm (NE)

Question 46

horn fly vs face fly: treatment guideline

Answer 46

Horn: ~10 per head Face: ~ 100/side beef 50/side dairy

Question 47

horn fly vs face fly: winter

Answer 47

Horn: Pupa under co manure Face: adult in hibernaculum, reproductive diapause