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Entomology > Final Exam: Pasture Flies > Flashcards

Final Exam: Pasture Flies Flashcards

1
Q

what species of fly has the greatest estimated control cost for cattle production cost

A

horn fly

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2
Q

higher flies body parts

A

3 antennal segments

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3
Q

major types of higher flies

A

blood feeders; liquid feeders (spongers); internal parasites (bots, grubs); wound maggots

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4
Q

puparium

A

pupa of flies

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5
Q

larvae

A

maggots- larvae without head capsule-internal plates only

moise or semi-aquatic habitats, decaying organic matter, feces, carrion, wounds

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6
Q

horn and face flies are known as

A

pasture flies

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7
Q

horn flys are what type of blood feeders?

A

obligate; piercing/sucking with a painful bite

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8
Q

most important pest of pastured/rangeland cattle

A

horn fly

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9
Q

what sex of horn fly feeds on blood

A

males and females - ~30 blod meals/fly/day

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10
Q

main horn fly feeding sites

A

udder; back; belly

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11
Q

horn fly life cycle

A

cow–>manure–>cow

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12
Q

breeding site of horn fly

A

fresh cow manure

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13
Q

horn fly spring emergence from pupa is when

A

march-may; as daylength gets longer adults will come out (diapause until then)

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14
Q

horn flys need what in cow manure to survive?

A

bacteria

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15
Q

how often do horn flies stay on host?

A

95%+ life spent on host animal; off host to change host or lay eggs; disperse at night

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16
Q

reasons why horn flies are somewhat easy to treat

A

don’t have to treat all animals because they move from animal to animal
breed only in fresh cow manure so you can treat manure

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17
Q

IGR

A

insect growth regulators —> manure treatment

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18
Q

past (1892) horn fly control in KY

A

pyrethrins powders; finely ground tabacco; whale oil

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19
Q

horn fly control systems

A

dust bag; ear tag; pour on; iGR mineral; supplement; oiler; spray; walk thru fly trap

20
Q

vaccine for horn fly control

A

flyvax; cause blood to coagulate faster

21
Q

horn fly expectations on #’s per animal

A

~100 per animal in acceptable

22
Q

face flys are what kind of feeders

A

liquid

23
Q

face fly hosts

A

cattle, horses

24
Q

face fly life cycle

A

face–> manure
needs fresh manure
eggs–>pupae–> larvae–> adults

25
Q

face fly breeding sites

A

fresh cow manure - bacteria
pupate in soil beneath manure
need moisture; rainfall important

26
Q

where do face flies spend winter and in what stage

A

adults; stay in protective places hidden; reproductive diapause

27
Q

how much time do face flies spend on hosts

A

~5% of time on hosts; usually stay near host - rest on trees and vegetation and structures at night and most of day

28
Q

how do face flies feed?

A

sponging mouthparts with microscopic rasping teeth - causes tear flow from eyes
mostly female
protein from mucus, saliva, and tears

29
Q

life span of face flies

A

10 days

30
Q

major impacts of face flies

A

annoyance; shift to night grazing; vector of pinkeye and eyeworm

31
Q

pinkeye

A

direct contact transmission from wings and legs of face flies up to 3 days after exposure

32
Q

pinkeye symptoms

A

swelling and redness of eyes, excess tearing, occasional severe ulceration, blindness

33
Q

pinkeye impact

A

2nd to scours as most prevalent condition affecting born unweaned calves >3wks old and breeding beef females

34
Q

***factors affecting pinkeye

A
  1. eye irritation - excessive UV light, face fly, plant material, and dust
  2. lack of pigmentation around eye allows increased UV radiation - inflammation, infection
  3. Flies - irritant and vector
  4. plant material - grasses, pollen, brush - mechanical irritants
35
Q

managing pinkeye

A

fly control, vegetation control, shade, immunization, select for eyelid pigment, hay feeding management

36
Q

eyeworms transmission

A

nematode larvae in eye secretions picked up by feeding flies
infective larvae deposited about 1 wk later

37
Q

treating face flies

A

if 10+ flies/face

dust bags, ear tags

38
Q

why is face fly control so difficult?

A

increasing population during season; short time on animal; re-infestation from nearby herd

39
Q

horn fly vs face fly: breeding site

A

Horn: very fresh cow manure - 10 min
Face: fresh cow manure - 1-2 hrs

40
Q

horn fly vs face fly: time ON animals

A

Horn: 95%+
Face: 5%

41
Q

horn fly vs face fly: % population on animals

A

Horn: 95
Face: 20

42
Q

horn fly vs face fly: migration distance

A

Horn: 1-5 mi
Face: ~7 mi

43
Q

horn fly vs face fly: adult food

A

Horn: blood
face: tears, mucous, wound ooze

44
Q

horn fly vs face fly: impact

A

Horn: defensive behavior, stress, lower weaning weights, low milk production, hide damage
face: pinkeye, treatment time and effort

45
Q

horn fly vs face fly: disease potential

A

Horn: blood BORNE ANAPLASMOSIS, summer mastitis
face: pinkeye (3-4d) eyeworm (NE)

46
Q

horn fly vs face fly: treatment guideline

A

Horn: ~10 per head
Face: ~ 100/side beef 50/side dairy

47
Q

horn fly vs face fly: winter

A

Horn: Pupa under co manure
Face: adult in hibernaculum, reproductive diapause

Entomology (10 decks)

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