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Entomology > Exam 1: Arthropods & ticks > Flashcards

Exam 1: Arthropods & ticks Flashcards

1
Q

members of populations or groups of organisms that actually or potentially interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring

A

biological species

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2
Q

a group of closely related species that look almost identical but different genetically, behavior, life history

A

cryptic species complex

ex. house mosquito complex

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3
Q

males and females have distinctly different appearances

A

sexual dimorphism

ex. antennae of mosquitoes, eye size of many flies

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4
Q

what are the visible characteristics of phylum arthropoda

A

a. segmented body and appendages (legs, antennae)

b. hard external skeleton of chitin - tough, flexible polysaccharide (sugar) containing nitrogen

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5
Q

Name the 5 major groups of arthropod

A
  1. Crustacea - pillbugs, crayfish, shrimp
  2. Arachnida - ticks, mites, spiders
  3. Chilopoda - centipedes
  4. Diplopoda - millipedes
  5. Insecta - flies, lice, etc.
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6
Q

2 pairs of antennae, 2 main body regions, 5 pairs walking legs, scavengers, some predators, mostly marine aquatic

A

crustacea

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7
Q

No antennae, 4 pairs of walking legs, 2 main body regions (may look like 1), mostly terrestrial - predators, parasites, herbivores, etc.

A

arachnida

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8
Q

1 pair antennae, 2 body regions - head and trunk with many segments, 1 pair appendages per segment
1st segment - fangs, others are legs, flattened body - long legs, terrestrial predators - venomous bite

A

chilopoda (centipedes)

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9
Q

1 pair antennae, 2 body regions - head and trunk with many segments, 2 pair short legs per trunk segment, cylindrical body, terrestrial herbivores, scavengers

A

diplopoda (millipedes)

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10
Q

1 pair antennae, 3 main body regions, 3 pairs of legs, may have wings, mostly terrestrial - many feeding strategies

A

insecta

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11
Q

reasons for arthropod success

A

~many have complete metamorphosis
~high repro rate w/ 100’s - 1000’s of young per female
~most species w/ winged adults - dispersal
~small
~short life cycles
~high genetic diversity among individuals - rapidly adaptable

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12
Q

what is & types of metamorphosis

A

change in form

gradual and complete

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13
Q

gradual metamorphosis

A

egg, nymph, adult

most arthropods, some insects

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14
Q

complete metamorphosis

A

egg, larva, pupa, adult

most insects

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15
Q

advantages of exoskeleton

A

protection, strength (muscle support and leverage), conserve water

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16
Q

disadvantages of exoskeleton

A

heavy (limits growth and body size), reduced mobility, very limited damage repair, hard to detect external stimuli

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17
Q

molting

A

shed old, outgrown covering

old exoskeleton splits along lines of weakness, use blood pressure or air to expand before hardening

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18
Q

what controls metamorphosis

A

hormones - molting hormone tells the insect when to molt and grow

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19
Q

the level of jubenile hormone in blood determines

A

stage after a molt

immature or adult insect becomes adult if the JH level is below a certain value

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20
Q

how many times does a species molt?

A

4-8; more if under stress

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21
Q

instar is a term for

A

an immature

dangerous time

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22
Q

how do insects detect stimuli

A

palps (taste buds) - often final step in host selection
compound eyes- many lenses- large eyes and many small lenses = better vision
touch-body hairs
antennae (nose) - chemical odors - airborne or contact, on host, on each other; large antennae usually = greater reliance on chemicals/odors

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23
Q

argasidae

A

soft ticks; no hard plate on back; most species feed on birds; less important than hard

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24
Q

ixodidae

A

hard ticks;sclerotized plate back covers entire back of male, part of back of female; mostly mammal hosts

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25
Q

ticks classification

A

phylum: arthropoda
class: arachnida
order: acarina
family: argasidae or ixodidae

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26
Q

list some tick impacts

A

parasites - all species are blood feeders

stress to host - irritation, anemia
allergic reactions to injected substances by host - many substances injected during feeding: vasodilators, anti-coagulants, pain suppressors

feeding wounds - maggot attack, secondary infections; transfer pathogens (vectors) - 2nd to mosquitos

anemia, tick paralysis

27
Q

ticks develop through what type of metamorphosis

A

gradual

28
Q

tick life strategy

A 
high fecundity (fertility) offsets low survival
thousands of eggs produced by a female but mortality through development is high
29
Q

life stages of the tick

A

egg and 3 life stages - larva (seed tick) 6 legs; nymph 8 legs; adult 8 legs

each immature stage has a blood meal, digests it and molts

30
Q

how much time does the tick spend off host

A

95+ % of its life is on ground

31
Q

tick survival

A

find shelter from direct sun - move to best microenvironment

absorb water form air (mouthparts) if humidity is high enough

find host and mate

32
Q

key environmental elements for ticks

A

temp, rainfall, protection

33
Q

1 host tick

A

larva finds host - entire life cycle completed on that host

engorged female drops off to lay eggs

34
Q

3 host tick

A

each active stage independently finds a host - may be different species each time

35
Q

main factors in order for tick to finding hosts

A

CO2

vibration of substrate from host movement

body heat

host-produced substances-constituents of sweat and skin lipids - HOST SPECIFICITY - often in final decision

vision-very limited

36
Q

how to sample for ticks

A

tick traps, host traps, flagging

37
Q

where are the life stages of ticks distributed

A

larvae - clumped where egg mass was deposited

nymphs & adults - single and more dispersed depending where they drop; may be clumped along host trails or bedding sites

38
Q

how do ticks attach

A

cut skin and insert hypostome and anchor with ‘cement’

39
Q

what prevents blood clots when ticks attach

A

saliva

40
Q

how long does attachment occur for disease transfer

A

24-36 hours

41
Q

when do ticks detach and drop?

A

where chances of finding another host are high

42
Q

ticks usually drop off

A

when hosts are inactive - after nightfall or during day for nocturnally active hosts

43
Q

reactions to saliva, capillary dilators, and anticoagulants are related to

A

tick bite allergies

44
Q

red meat allergy is associated with what kind of tick

A

lone star

45
Q

red meat allergy occurs

A

in susceptible individuals after multiple tick bites

46
Q

what is the suspected cause of red meat allergy

A

antibodies to a sugar (alpha-gal) produced in persons blood after multiple LST bites

47
Q

what are the characteristics of an efficient disease vector

A

obligate blood feeders
feed several times
feel slowly ( time to aquire a pathogen )
long life
protect and take pathogen to a susceptible host
pathogens may multiply in vector

48
Q

tick removal

A

grab at skin and use steady pull

most important factors in avoiding tick-borne diseases

49
Q

common tick that is relatively rare in KY

A

black legged tick

50
Q

common tick-most important disease vector

A

american dog tick

51
Q

important nuisance tick

A

lone star tick

52
Q

common tick that is in kennels - only tick that can live and multiply indoors

A

brown dog tick

53
Q

tick borne disease, one of several bacterial diseases that affect humans and animals but rare

A

Erlichiosis

54
Q

primary vector and symptoms of erlichiosis

A

lone star tick

headache, feer, muscle aches within 1-2 weeks of bite

55
Q

this tick is the vector of rocky mountain fever

A

american dog tick

56
Q

what intracellular bacterium causes rocky mountain fever?

A

rickettsia

57
Q

reservoirs of rocky mtn spotted fever

A

opossums, rabbits, chipmunks, squirrels, rats and mice

58
Q

rickettsia becomes virulent only after how long of a time period of tick attachment?

A

> 10hours

59
Q

vector of lyme disease

A

blacklegged tick

60
Q

bacterium of lyme disease

A

borrelia burgdorferi

61
Q

reservoirs of lyme disease

A

mostly white-footed mouse, shrews, chipmunks

62
Q

where are blacklegged ticks seen

A

eastern and south and north central us

63
Q

what are 3 main tick management practices

A

habitat management
reduce immigration
acaricide applications

Entomology (10 decks)

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