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Entomology > Exam 2: Mosquitos and heartworm > Flashcards

Exam 2: Mosquitos and heartworm Flashcards

1
Q

diptera

A

two wings “true flies”

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2
Q

adults mosquitoes wings and mouthparts

A

1 pair wings

mouthparts - none to piercing-sucking to sponging

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3
Q

diptera undergo what type of metamorphosis

A

complete

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4
Q

mosquito larva are known as

A

wigglers

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5
Q

mosquito pupa are known as

A

tumblers

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6
Q

mosquito larva live in

A

aquatic, semi-aquatic, or moist habitats

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7
Q

some mosquito larva are

A

internal parasites

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8
Q

mosquito larva body

A

no legs, may or may not have distinct head; soft thin cuticle

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9
Q

mosquitos and biting gnats are in the suborder ________ and are known as ______

A

nematocera; primitive

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10
Q

mosquitoes and biting gnats have what kind of antennae, how many segments

A

long antennae –> 8 segments

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11
Q

females are ____ feeders while males are ____ feeders

A

blood; nectar

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12
Q

known as the deadliest animal in the world

A

mosquitoes

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13
Q

openings on body where air exchange occurs

A

spiracles

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14
Q

mos larve use what to feed

A

brushes

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15
Q

adult mos feed on

A

blood from capillary veins

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16
Q

what is different about mos wings

A

they have scales

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17
Q

mouthpart that enters capillary veins

A

stylets - protected by a sheath

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18
Q

what do stylets inject into capillary

A

saliva, anti-coagulatns, vasodilators

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19
Q

host finding by mosquitoes by distance (long range; medium; close-final decision)

A

Long range (7 to 30 yds) : hosts specific odors; lactic acid, nonanal, octenol

medium range: host odors + CO2

close range-final decision: warm moist convection currents, vision/movement (day biters)

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20
Q

a substance from birds and humans aids in long range detection

A

noranal

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21
Q

lactic acid, co2 ammonia fatty acids

A

skin chemicals determine host suitability

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22
Q

when do house mosquitos shift feeding preferences from birds to humans?

A

late summer/early fall - at the time of robin migration - this is when more cases of WNV occur

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23
Q

differences in host attractiveness

A

pregnant - wamer and more CO2
blood type O is 2x > than A
body odors
dark clothing

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24
Q

mosquito eggs/ oviposition sites

A

laid in groups
desiccation resistant
temporary water/standing water
natural and artificial containers

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25
Q

larval habitats

A

snow pool; brackish water swamps; temporary or permanent high organic content water; treeholes, outdoor flower vases etc

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26
Q

generations/year

A

one - spring peak or extended emergence

multiple during summer

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27
Q

overwintering stage

A

eggs-many species-resistant to cold, drying
mated females-some (house)
larvae-few in mild climates

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28
Q

a genetically determined state of arrested development

A

diapause- allows arthropods to overwinter in cold climates

induced by decreasing day length

29
Q

night biter; not important disease vector; can fly 10+ miles to feed
spends winter as eggs in soil cracks in low areas
eggs hatch when covered with water and O2 drops

A

Inland floodwater mosquito

30
Q

“dirty” water mosquitoes; common in urban and rural settings; feed on birds and mammals (important as far as disease vectors go)
females often return to breeding site but can travel 1,500 yds per night to feed
commonly enter structures
can carry encephaliti, dog heartworms
nuisance as biters

A

house mosquito complex

31
Q

factors that affect mosquitoes as disease vectors

A

abundance-high enough #’s to encounter infected host

longevity-live long enough after feeding for pathogen to reach salivary glands

competent-able to carry enough pathogens to be infective, dont become sick themselves

strong host selection behavior-reliable , contact wit susceptible hosts

32
Q

time form when a pathogen is picked up to when it can be transmitted

A

incubation time

33
Q

what % of human emerging infectious diseases are caused by zoonotic pathogens

A

75%

34
Q

infectious disease transmitted between species from animals to humans or vice versa

A

zoonosis

35
Q

encephalitis virus

A

inflammation or swelling of the brain - affects CNS

36
Q

WNV transmitted by

A

transovarian transmission in mosquitoes

37
Q

incubation period of WNV

A

7-10 days, virus moves from gut to salivary glands

38
Q

birds are what type of host for WNV

A

amplifying host - where to organism or virus increases in number

39
Q

incubation period in horses of WNV

A

7-14 days - 65% recovery

40
Q

WNV reservoir

A

amplification in birds

41
Q

bridge vectors

A

mosquitoes - bridge vectors between birds and humans/other animals

42
Q

dead end hosts

A

host gets pathogen but doesn’t produce it/amplify it in their body

43
Q

blood brain barrier

A

keeps brain blood from mixing with body blood - not great in horses

44
Q

what types of birds are the main amplyfiying hosts of WNV

A

robins and sparrows

45
Q

what type of bird is the sentinel hosts ( gets sick form virus)

A

crow

46
Q

How much does WNV move during spread

A

40 miles/month

47
Q

why did WNV decrease so much in ky in two years

A 
birds-susceptible killed, resistant left
horses-immnization
humans-immunity
lower mos pop's
weather- less rain? tents to be in concentrated water
48
Q

how to reduce potential of WNV in horses

A

vaccinate; stable during mos feeding peak times; no incandescent lights; screening; fans; eliminate breeding sites

49
Q

nuisance and health threat; wide host range; potential vector of encephalitis, dog HW, dengue, yellow fever, container breeder, persistent biter, flight range 200yds
brought in via old tires that had water in them

A

asian tiger mosquito

50
Q

what information does trapping give you

A

what species are active, infection rate, identify blood meals

51
Q

heartworm form

A

small, slender, unsegmented round worms

52
Q

stages of heartworm

A

microfilaria, L1, L2, L3, L4, Adult

53
Q

filariasis

A

heartworm disease is caused by thread-like parasitic namatodes that attack >30 species

54
Q

consequence of heart worm

A

build of in heart and large vessels of the lungs - prevent valve closure - can lead to heart failure and death

55
Q

symptoms of heart worm

A

early infection: difficulty breathing
mild disease: cough
moderate disease: exercise intolerance, abnormal lung sounds
severe disease: difficulty breathing, enlarged liver, loss of consciousness, fluid in abdomen, abnormal heart sounds, death

56
Q

male vs female HW’s and life expectancy

A

Male 4-6 in female 10-12 in

full grown in 1 yr; live 5-7 yrs

57
Q

vector of hw

A

mosquito is biological vector –> disease occurs in host, host gives it a place to develop; where sexual stage of nematodes occur

58
Q

hw life cycle

A

microfilariae ingested by feeding female mosquitoes

after 2 molts, infective third stage larvae (L3s) are present i mosquito mouthparts adn deposited on the skin of the dog during feeding and migrate through the bite wound into the host

most L3s molt to 4th stage in subcutaneous tissues within 1-3 days after infection

59
Q

how long does it take for canine host to demonstrate microfilaremia after infection

A

6-7 months

60
Q

the highest rates of infection occured where in the US

A

near water - coast and mississippi river

61
Q

mosquito vector species

A

70 competent vector species
24 naturally infected
asian tiger mosquito in SE container breeder; feeds on a variety of vectors

62
Q

protection and cure for HW

A

protection from mosquitos
repellent
hw prevention meds

63
Q

treatment for hw

A

3 injections of an adulticide deep into muscle - painful and stressful to animal
dying worms can cause foreign bodies in body; shock

64
Q

best way to protect pet from HW

A

prevention

65
Q

gravid trap

A

attracts females to lay their eggs dirty water in bucket females go up in net

66
Q

CDC Co2 trap

A

co2 used as bait; light; fan also

67
Q

artificial container/tree hole

A

keep thick paper wet to get mosquitoes to lay eggs in it

68
Q

negatively phototactic

A

instinct is to move away from light

Entomology (10 decks)

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