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Entomology > Exam 2: Mosquitos and heartworm > Flashcards

Exam 2: Mosquitos and heartworm Flashcards

1
Q

diptera

A

two wings “true flies”

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2
Q

adults mosquitoes wings and mouthparts

A

1 pair wings

mouthparts - none to piercing-sucking to sponging

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3
Q

diptera undergo what type of metamorphosis

A

complete

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4
Q

mosquito larva are known as

A

wigglers

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5
Q

mosquito pupa are known as

A

tumblers

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6
Q

mosquito larva live in

A

aquatic, semi-aquatic, or moist habitats

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7
Q

some mosquito larva are

A

internal parasites

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8
Q

mosquito larva body

A

no legs, may or may not have distinct head; soft thin cuticle

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9
Q

mosquitos and biting gnats are in the suborder ________ and are known as ______

A

nematocera; primitive

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10
Q

mosquitoes and biting gnats have what kind of antennae, how many segments

A

long antennae –> 8 segments

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11
Q

females are ____ feeders while males are ____ feeders

A

blood; nectar

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12
Q

known as the deadliest animal in the world

A

mosquitoes

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13
Q

openings on body where air exchange occurs

A

spiracles

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14
Q

mos larve use what to feed

A

brushes

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15
Q

adult mos feed on

A

blood from capillary veins

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16
Q

what is different about mos wings

A

they have scales

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17
Q

mouthpart that enters capillary veins

A

stylets - protected by a sheath

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18
Q

what do stylets inject into capillary

A

saliva, anti-coagulatns, vasodilators

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19
Q

host finding by mosquitoes by distance (long range; medium; close-final decision)

A

Long range (7 to 30 yds) : hosts specific odors; lactic acid, nonanal, octenol

medium range: host odors + CO2

close range-final decision: warm moist convection currents, vision/movement (day biters)

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20
Q

a substance from birds and humans aids in long range detection

A

noranal

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21
Q

lactic acid, co2 ammonia fatty acids

A

skin chemicals determine host suitability

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22
Q

when do house mosquitos shift feeding preferences from birds to humans?

A

late summer/early fall - at the time of robin migration - this is when more cases of WNV occur

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23
Q

differences in host attractiveness

A

pregnant - wamer and more CO2
blood type O is 2x > than A
body odors
dark clothing

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24
Q

mosquito eggs/ oviposition sites

A

laid in groups
desiccation resistant
temporary water/standing water
natural and artificial containers

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25
larval habitats
snow pool; brackish water swamps; temporary or permanent high organic content water; treeholes, outdoor flower vases etc
26
generations/year
one - spring peak or extended emergence | multiple during summer
27
overwintering stage
eggs-many species-resistant to cold, drying mated females-some (house) larvae-few in mild climates
28
a genetically determined state of arrested development
diapause- allows arthropods to overwinter in cold climates | induced by decreasing day length
29
night biter; not important disease vector; can fly 10+ miles to feed spends winter as eggs in soil cracks in low areas eggs hatch when covered with water and O2 drops
Inland floodwater mosquito
30
"dirty" water mosquitoes; common in urban and rural settings; feed on birds and mammals (important as far as disease vectors go) females often return to breeding site but can travel 1,500 yds per night to feed commonly enter structures can carry encephaliti, dog heartworms nuisance as biters
house mosquito complex
31
factors that affect mosquitoes as disease vectors
abundance-high enough #'s to encounter infected host longevity-live long enough after feeding for pathogen to reach salivary glands competent-able to carry enough pathogens to be infective, dont become sick themselves strong host selection behavior-reliable , contact wit susceptible hosts
32
time form when a pathogen is picked up to when it can be transmitted
incubation time
33
what % of human emerging infectious diseases are caused by zoonotic pathogens
75%
34
infectious disease transmitted between species from animals to humans or vice versa
zoonosis
35
encephalitis virus
inflammation or swelling of the brain - affects CNS
36
WNV transmitted by
transovarian transmission in mosquitoes
37
incubation period of WNV
7-10 days, virus moves from gut to salivary glands
38
birds are what type of host for WNV
amplifying host - where to organism or virus increases in number
39
incubation period in horses of WNV
7-14 days - 65% recovery
40
WNV reservoir
amplification in birds
41
bridge vectors
mosquitoes - bridge vectors between birds and humans/other animals
42
dead end hosts
host gets pathogen but doesn't produce it/amplify it in their body
43
blood brain barrier
keeps brain blood from mixing with body blood - not great in horses
44
what types of birds are the main amplyfiying hosts of WNV
robins and sparrows
45
what type of bird is the sentinel hosts ( gets sick form virus)
crow
46
How much does WNV move during spread
40 miles/month
47
why did WNV decrease so much in ky in two years
``` birds-susceptible killed, resistant left horses-immnization humans-immunity lower mos pop's weather- less rain? tents to be in concentrated water ```
48
how to reduce potential of WNV in horses
vaccinate; stable during mos feeding peak times; no incandescent lights; screening; fans; eliminate breeding sites
49
nuisance and health threat; wide host range; potential vector of encephalitis, dog HW, dengue, yellow fever, container breeder, persistent biter, flight range 200yds brought in via old tires that had water in them
asian tiger mosquito
50
what information does trapping give you
what species are active, infection rate, identify blood meals
51
heartworm form
small, slender, unsegmented round worms
52
stages of heartworm
microfilaria, L1, L2, L3, L4, Adult
53
filariasis
heartworm disease is caused by thread-like parasitic namatodes that attack >30 species
54
consequence of heart worm
build of in heart and large vessels of the lungs - prevent valve closure - can lead to heart failure and death
55
symptoms of heart worm
early infection: difficulty breathing mild disease: cough moderate disease: exercise intolerance, abnormal lung sounds severe disease: difficulty breathing, enlarged liver, loss of consciousness, fluid in abdomen, abnormal heart sounds, death
56
male vs female HW's and life expectancy
Male 4-6 in female 10-12 in | full grown in 1 yr; live 5-7 yrs
57
vector of hw
mosquito is biological vector --> disease occurs in host, host gives it a place to develop; where sexual stage of nematodes occur
58
hw life cycle
microfilariae ingested by feeding female mosquitoes after 2 molts, infective third stage larvae (L3s) are present i mosquito mouthparts adn deposited on the skin of the dog during feeding and migrate through the bite wound into the host most L3s molt to 4th stage in subcutaneous tissues within 1-3 days after infection
59
how long does it take for canine host to demonstrate microfilaremia after infection
6-7 months
60
the highest rates of infection occured where in the US
near water - coast and mississippi river
61
mosquito vector species
70 competent vector species 24 naturally infected asian tiger mosquito in SE container breeder; feeds on a variety of vectors
62
protection and cure for HW
protection from mosquitos repellent hw prevention meds
63
treatment for hw
3 injections of an adulticide deep into muscle - painful and stressful to animal dying worms can cause foreign bodies in body; shock
64
best way to protect pet from HW
prevention
65
gravid trap
attracts females to lay their eggs dirty water in bucket females go up in net
66
CDC Co2 trap
co2 used as bait; light; fan also
67
artificial container/tree hole
keep thick paper wet to get mosquitoes to lay eggs in it
68
negatively phototactic
instinct is to move away from light

Entomology (10 decks)

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